陈寅恪的《三国志曹冲华佗传与佛教故事》写的是什么？
陈寅恪
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陈寅恪《寒柳堂集》中《三国志曹冲华佗传与佛教故事》一文说：“陈承祚著三国志，下笔谨严。裴世期为之注，颇采小说故事以补之，转失原书去取之意，后人多议之者。实则三国志本文往往有佛教故事，杂糅附益于其间，特迹象隐晦，不易发觉其为外国输入者耳。”
陈氏所指称者乃古今相传的曹冲称象故事和神医华佗开腹手术故事，分别见于《魏志》二十《邓哀王冲传》和二九《华佗传》。这两件事在中国传统文化中极有名，现代儿童在小学语文课中都读过曹冲称象，而所有的中学生在历史课中都知道了神医华佗。陈寅恪通过详细的考证分析，认为曹冲称象出自佛经，“辗转流传至于中土，遂附会为仓舒之事，以见其智。” 周一良《魏晋南北朝史札记》中有“以舟称象”条，其中提到：“陈寅恪先生…论证以舟称象乃天竺故事，流传中国，遂附会为仓舒之事。苻朗亦生于佛经大量传入之时代，上距三国及陈寿修史时皆不远，仍足以证成陈先生之说。”
至于华佗，陈氏认为，其“为历史上的真实人物，自不容不信。然断肠破腹，数日即差，揆以学术进化之史迹，当时恐难臻此。其有神话色彩，似无可疑。”接下来陈氏从分析华佗名字读音入手，又举出佛经中所记载的神医奇术，佐证华佗故事与佛教传说的关系。最后，陈寅恪总结说： “总而言之，三国志曹冲华佗二传，皆有佛教故事，辗转因袭杂糅附会于其间，……夫三国志之成书，上距佛教入中土之时，犹不甚久，而印度神话传播已若是之广，社会所受之影响已若是之深，遂致以承祚之精识，犹不能别择真伪，而并笔之于书。”
然而，陈寅恪对于华佗的分析在学界似未形成共识。与陈氏并称“史学四大家”之一的吕思勉在其《读史札记》（增订本）第五四八则“手术”条中专论华佗神技，考证纷繁，称“故世容有绝精之技，而必无独擅之学”，并无一语涉及神话传说与外来文化。陈氏之说颇有孤掌难鸣之势。
陈寅恪的这篇文章发表于一九三O年六月清华学报。而更早些时候，鲁迅在《中国小说史略》第五篇《六朝之鬼神志怪书（上）》中说：“魏晋以来，渐译释典，天竺故事亦流传世间，文人喜其颖异，于有意或无意中用之，遂蜕化为国有，如晋人荀氏作《灵鬼志》，亦记道人入笼子中事，尚云来自外国，至吴均记，乃为中国之书生。”从陈寅恪鲁迅的判断来看，汉末魏晋间正是佛教文化与中土文化互相融合的关键时期，佛教借中国文化以传播，中国文化借佛教文化以扩展，这期间彼此交融，相互借鉴的事例一定不少，曹冲华佗也许就是其中较早的两个例子。汤用彤《魏晋玄学论稿·言意之辨》中说：“佛教来华，在于汉之中叶。佛学始盛，约在桓灵之世。”“（魏晋）玄学之发达乃中国学术自然演化之结果，佛学不但只为其助因，而且其入中国本依附于中华文化之思想以扩张其势力。大凡外国学术初来时理论尚晦，本土人士仅能作支节之比附。及其流行甚久，宗义稍明，则渐可观其汇通。此两种文化接触之常例，佛学初行中国亦然。”
佛教故事不独与中国文化有着千丝万缕的关系，与西方传统文化同样缠夹不清。钱钟书《七缀集》中那篇《一节历史掌故、一个宗教寓言、一篇小说》就是一个绝佳的例子。其中所说的故事就同时记载在佛经和希罗多德《史记》（通译为《历史》）中，考虑到释迦牟尼与希罗多德生活的时代相当接近，《生经》讲述的又是佛陀及其弟子们的故事，所以很难判断这个故事的原始出处，钱钟书说：“佛经和古希腊史曾结下这段文字因缘，很耐玩索，也许有人指出或考订过。”（希罗多德所述故事见《历史》第二卷第121章，商务印书馆1959年6月第1版上册第161-5页。）钱氏的末一句也许多少含着一点弦外之音，似有所指，要不就是我太过神经了。
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