野外发掘古生物化石的一般流程是什么?

2025-03-31 07:53:34
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

(1)在野外发现大型脊椎动物骨骼化石后,确定化石的分类位置、记录埋藏状况、估算化石大概年代与地层层位,对其原始埋藏状况进行拍照和摄像,并根据发现地点和发掘日期及发现顺序进行野外编号。

(2)用稀胶(硝基清漆1份加硝基稀料8~12份搅匀即可)对暴露在岩层表面遭受风化作用的化石进行渗透式加固。其原理是,渗透性强的硝基稀料使硝基清漆渗过化石表层,进入化石内部,充填在化石矿物颗粒之间的孔隙中,干涸后对矿物颗粒起到连接作用。现在国内外大规模的野外发掘均采用这种方法对化石进行加固,但该方法使用的前提条件是化石和岩层必须干燥无水分。在实施加固前需要对原地破碎的化石进行对茬复原,并复位。

图3-1 恐龙化石发掘现场(地点为云南禄丰县,照片由高源提供)

(3)在大致确定所发现化石个体的分类位置及头、躯干、四肢和尾部的埋藏走向之后,在离化石边缘5~10厘米的地方向下开凿发掘槽。槽宽是化石个体宽度的2~3倍,槽深是化石厚度的1.5倍。发掘槽完成后,化石个体在发掘槽中应该是一个孤岛状态,孤岛根部的横截面呈倒梯形,以便化石孤岛在经浸满石膏浆的麻袋布缠绕多层并固结后,翻转时不致漏空。

(4)将5~6层软包装纸铺在化石表面,用笔刷沾水把软纸按化石的形状浸透,使湿的包装纸与化石之间紧密贴合,无缝隙。这样,在经石膏浆麻袋布多层缠绕后,软纸便起到隔离层的作用。如果化石体积和重量较大,应在浸透石膏浆麻袋布缠绕时,中间加木片或者树枝进行加固,以便在日后运输搬运过程中保持化石的坚固性和整体性。此过程又称为制作“皮劳克”。对于十分珍贵或者完整的化石,也可以采用套箱法,即做一个无底无盖的木箱,将化石孤岛套在中间,再将化石孤岛和木箱内壁之间的空间用石膏浆灌满,当固结为一个整体后再钉盖,整体翻转后再钉底。在条件允许的情况下可以使用聚氨酯发泡材料充填,以减轻套箱的重量,便于运输。

(5)用15~20厘米宽、100厘米左右长的浸透石膏浆的麻布袋将化石孤岛缠绕5~6层,待固结后,用锤子和钢钎沿化石层底部没有被石膏麻袋布缠绕的部分平行凿开,也就是将已被石膏麻袋布缠绕保护的化石层与下部接触岩层分开。翻转过来后,再把刚刚暴露出来的化石层围岩用石膏麻袋布封口,使“皮劳克”成为一个完整的整体。

(6)待“皮劳克”被野外阳光晒干后,再进行编号、登记、运输。

28 野外采集古生物化石需要哪些工具?野外采集化石的工具分为三大类,第一类是采掘工具,第二类是包装和修复工具,第三类是安全防护工具。这三类工具缺一不可。

采掘工具主要有锤子、剔针、电镐、錾子等。采掘工具的选择要根据岩性的松软和化石的保存类型来定。就地质锤而言,化石发掘用的锤子一般有两种,一种是尖头锤,另一种是平头锤,两种锤子在不同的岩石上使用时各有长项。当化石是三维保存,且岩石相对坚硬时,尖头锤能比较轻松地清理围岩;而当化石是平面保存的时候,特别是当化石保存在具有层理结构的页岩或泥岩中时,用平头锤和尖铲子比较方便。錾子种类和规格的选择也是根据岩性而定,围岩很硬时(例如石灰岩和砂岩),就要用到尖锐的錾子,使用时錾刃要凿进岩石中5~7厘米;但碰到诸如板岩和页岩这种硬度低的围岩时,就会用到刃部宽一些的錾子。

包装和修复工具主要有加固剂、标签、记号笔、报纸、棉纸、纸箱子、标本袋、胶带等。对于重要的大型脊椎动物化石,必要时还需要提前订制套箱。

野外作业的安全防护工具更是必要的。使用锤子和錾子凿击岩石时,碎屑可能会崩到眼睛,十分危险,因此,护目镜就是必备的防护工具之一。此外,在凿击作业中,稍不注意,锤子没打中錾子,就会打在手上,因此,给拿錾子那只手戴上皮手套,可以避免手被打痛或者打伤。当在悬崖或者陡壁的采石场内作业时,要戴上安全帽,避免被落石击伤。

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