推荐回答(1个)
1.根据翼间角大小的褶皱分类
分类情况如图5-11所示。
◎平缓褶皱:翼间角介于120°~180°之间的褶皱。
◎开阔褶皱:翼间角介于70°~120°之间的褶皱。
图5-11 不同翼间角的褶皱分类描述
◎中常褶皱:翼间角介于30°~70°之间的褶皱。
◎紧闭褶皱:翼间角介于5°~30°之间的褶皱,也称为闭合褶皱。
◎等斜褶皱:翼间角介于0°~5°之间的褶皱。
褶皱翼间角的大小反映该褶皱的紧闭程度,亦反映了褶皱变形的程度,是描述褶皱形态的重要要素。在出露良好、近于正交的剖面露头上,翼间角可直接测量,但通常是测量褶皱两翼的产状,再利用极射赤平投影的方法求得。
2.根据对称性的褶皱分类
◎对称褶皱(symmetrical fold):褶皱的轴面为两翼的平分面,在剖面上两翼互为镜像。
◎不对称褶皱(asymmetrical fold):褶皱轴面与该褶皱包络面斜交,而且两翼的长度和厚度不相等。
3.根据转折端形态的褶皱分类
◎圆弧褶铍(curvilinear fold):转折端或褶皱面呈圆弧形弯曲(图5-12a)。
◎尖棱褶皱(chevron fold):两翼平直,转折端为尖顶状(往往只是一点),这种褶皱过去也叫脊形褶皱(图5-12b)。
◎箱形和屉形褶皱:箱形褶皱(box fold)为顶部平缓开阔,两翼陡峻的背斜构造(图5-12c);屉形褶皱(drawerfold)为槽部平缓开阔,两翼陡直的向斜构造。
◎扇形褶皱(fan-shaped fold):转折端形态为圆弧状。正常层序,两翼岩层层序为倒转。背斜的两翼向轴面方向倾斜,而向斜的两翼却向两侧倾斜(图5-12d)。通常由背斜构成的扇形褶皱称为正扇形构造,由向斜构成的扇形褶皱称为反扇形构造。
◎挠曲和构造阶地:在平缓的岩层中,一段岩层突然变陡而表现出的褶皱面的膝状弯曲称为挠曲(flexure)(图5-12e);在倾斜岩层地区,有一段岩层产状平缓或近于水平而表现出的阶状弯曲称为构造阶地(structural terrace)。
图5-12 转折端的弯曲形态及其分类类型
4.根据形态关系的褶皱分类
◎协调褶皱(harmonic fold):也叫调和褶皱,该褶皱的各岩层弯曲形态基本保持一致或呈有规律地弯曲和变化,彼此协调一致。常见的协调褶皱有平行褶皱和相似褶皱两种。前者也叫同心褶皱或等厚褶皱(图5-13),其特点是褶皱各岩层作平行弯曲,真厚度基本保持不变,各岩层具有共同的曲率中心,但曲率半径不等。这种褶皱常出现在浅部的强硬岩层中。后者是指各岩层经过弯曲后,上下层面弯曲成相似形状的一种褶皱(图5-14),其特点是褶皱的各岩层具有大致相等的曲率半径和相似的构造形态,但曲率中心却不是共同的(图5-15)。褶皱两翼厚度变薄,顶部和槽部岩层厚度加大(属顶厚褶皱的一种),但沿轴面方向的视厚度各处近相等。这种褶皱常发育于软弱岩层中,出现在中部及较深构造层次。
◎不协调褶皱(disharmonic fold):褶皱中各岩层的弯曲形态特征极不相同,其间有明显的不协调突变现象(图5-16)。
不协调褶皱常见的构造类型有层间牵引褶皱和底辟构造。褶皱的不协调现象是很普遍的,在变形强烈地区、变质岩区或褶皱各岩层岩石力学性质差异较大的地区均常发育不协调褶皱。
图5-13 平行褶皱
图5-14 相似褶皱
图5-15 典型相似褶皱的几何特征
h在转折端处增大,h'处处相等
图5-16 条带大理岩中的不协调褶皱(河南)
5.褶皱的平面形态分类
根据褶皱的某一岩层在平面上出露的纵向长度和横向宽度之比,将褶皱描述为:
◎线状褶皱(linear fold):长宽之比大于10∶1的狭长形褶皱(图5-17A)。
◎长轴褶皱:长宽之比介于10∶1到5∶1的褶皱。
◎短轴褶皱:长宽之比介于3∶1~5∶1之间的褶皱构造,包括短轴背斜和短轴向斜(图5-17B)。
◎穹隆构造(dome):长宽之比小于3∶1的背斜构造,褶皱层面呈浑圆形隆起(图5-17B)。
◎构造盆地(structural basin):长宽之比小于3∶1的向斜构造,褶皱层面从四周向中心倾斜(图5-17B)。
图5-17 褶皱的平面露头形态a,b,…,h代表由老到新的地层
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