精密水准仪简介

2025-03-25 11:27:47
推荐回答(2个)
回答(1):

我国目前常用的S05型(如威特N3,蔡司Ni004)和S1型(如蔡司Ni007,国产DS1)水准仪属于精密水准仪,并配有相应的精密水准尺。精密水准仪用于国家一、二等水准测量,大型工程建筑物施工及变形测量以及地下建筑测量、城镇与建(构)筑物沉降观测等。

图2-29 DS1型精密水准仪

图2-29为国产DSl型精密水准仪,望远镜放大率为40倍,水准管分划值为10″/2mm,转动水准仪测微螺旋可以使水平视线在上下5mm范围内移动(安有平板玻璃测微器装置),测微器的分划值为0.05mm,共有分划100 格。望远镜目镜视场中见到的水准尺影像如图2-30所示,视场左侧为水准管气泡的影像,目镜右下方为测微器读数显微镜。作业时,先转动微倾螺旋使符合水准气泡居中,再转动测微螺旋用楔形丝精确地夹准水准尺上某一整分划,如图2-30 视场中,读出水准尺上整分划读数为197(197cm),然后从测微器读数显微镜中读出尾数值为 152(0.152cm),其末位2为估读数(即0.02mm),全部读数为197.152cm。由于国产DS1型水准仪配套是5mm分划的水准尺,为了便于读数,尺上注字和观测时的读数值均比实际扩大一倍,因此实际读数应为197.152 ÷ 2=98.576cm=0.98576m。在水准测量中,仍可按上述方法读数,把计算得到的高差除以2,即得真正高差值。图2-31是威特N3精密水准仪望远镜目镜视场及测微器显微镜视场。N3水准仪望远镜放大率为42倍,水准管分划值为6″/2mm,转动测微螺旋可使水平视线在上下10mm范围内移动,测微器分划值为0.1mm,共有100个分划格。作业时也是先转动微倾螺旋使符合气泡居中,如图2-31所示,再转动测微螺旋用楔形丝精确夹准水准尺上某一整分划(如基本分划),其读数为148(148cm),再在测微器上读出尾数值为650(0.650cm),故基本分划全部读数为148.650cm。由于 N3 水准仪配套10mm分划水准尺,并有基本分划(图2-31左侧)和辅助分划(图2-31右侧)之分。因此,读得全部读数即为实际读数(基本分划)。同理,也可读得辅助分划的读数。对于N3水准仪配套的水准尺,其辅助分划读数与基本分划读数(同一水平视线时)之差为某一常数(301.550cm)。具体可详见仪器说明书。

图2-30 DS1型水准仪望远镜目镜及测微器显微镜视场

图2-31 N3水准仪目镜及测微器显微镜视场

精密水准仪在构造上比之S3型水准仪具有下列特点:

1)水准器有较高的灵敏度,便于更精确地置平仪器,使视线更准确地水平;

2)配有光学测微器装置,用来更准确地在水准尺上读数,可以估读至0.01mm;

3)望远镜有较高的放大倍数,望远镜十字丝中丝刻成楔形丝,有利于准确地夹准水准尺上分划;

4)仪器的结构稳定,受外界影响小。

精密水准尺是在木质或金属尺身槽内张一铟瓦合金带,在带上标有分划线,数字注在周边木尺或金属尺上,尺上两排分划彼此错开,分划宽度有10mm和5mm两种。图2-30所示水准尺属于5rnm分划的水准尺,注记从尺底零开始,直至4m或6m。图2-31所示水准尺属于10mm分划的水准尺,注记左排从尺底零开始,直至2m或3m(称为基本分划);右排从尺底3.01550m开始,直至5.01550m或6.01550m(称为辅助分划)。精密水准尺比一般水准尺准确,但应注意与所使用的精密水准仪配套。

复习题

1.用水准仪测定A,B两点间高差,已知A点高程为HA=8.016m,A尺上读数为1.124m,B尺上读数为1.428m,求A,B两点间高差hAB为多少?B点高程HB为多少?绘图说明。

2.计算表2-5中水准测量观测高差及B点高程。

表2-5 水准测量观测记录手簿

3.何谓水准管轴?何谓圆水准轴?何谓水准管分划值?

4.何谓视准轴?何谓视差?视差应如何消除?

5.水准测量中为什么要求前后视距相等?

6.S3型水准仪有哪几条主要轴线?它们之间应满足哪些几何条件?为什么?哪一条几何条件最主要?

图2-32 闭合水准路线略图

7.水准测量中,怎样进行记录计算校核和外业成果校核?

8.如图2-32所示闭合水准路线,图上注明各测段观测高差及相应水准路线测站数,试计算改正后各点高程。

9.在表2-3 中进行附合水准测量成果整理。附合水准路线如图2-33所示,图中注明了观测高差及路线长度。

10.安置水准仪在A,B两固定点之间等距处,已知A,B两点相距80m,A尺读数a1=1.321m,B尺读数b1=1.117m,然后搬水准仪至B点附近,又读A尺上读数a2=1.695m,B尺上读数b2=1.466m。问:水准管轴是否平行于视准轴?如果不平行,当水准管气泡居中时,视准轴是向上倾斜还是向下倾斜?i角值是多少?如何进行校正?

图2-33 附合水准路线略图

回答(2):

精密水准仪一般是指精度高于±1mm/km的水准仪,我国水准仪系列中DS?等均属于精密水准仪。精密水准仪有微倾式、自动补偿式和数字式。精密水准仪主要用于高精度测量工程如:建筑物、构筑物、地面的沉降观测、重要工程高程控制网的布设、大型建筑物的施工和设备安装等测量工作。

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