推荐回答(1个)
《伯夷列传》顾名思义,是以伯夷的故事为主题的,以孔子等人的言论为线索,用许由、务光等的事迹作陪衬,简略地记叙伯夷、叔齐兄弟俩在父亲死后都不继承王位、劝阻周武王伐纣和不吃周王室的粮食、隐居首阳山、直至饿死等事迹。
初读《伯夷列传》,是有很多疑惑的。
其一,作为汉武帝“蹴罢百家,独尊儒术”时期,孔子的言论、书籍是当时学术界的权威。本文中太史公没有摇旗呐喊、高唱赞歌,而是抛出了疑问“孔子序列古之仁圣贤人,如吴太伯、伯夷之伦,详矣。余以所闻由、光义至高,其文辞不少概见,何哉?”。意思是”孔子依次论到古代的仁人圣人贤人,像吴太伯、伯夷一类人,都很详细。我所听到的许由、务光的德行是最高尚的了,有关他们的文辞却没有稍稍看到一点点,是什么原因呢?”太史公对孔子的“伯夷、叔齐,不念旧恶,怨是用希。求仁得仁,又何怨乎?”提出了反问“由此观之,怨邪?非邪?”“从伯夷、叔齐所作诗歌中,我们能感受到那种悲凉,他们真的没有怨恨吗?”
其二,对“天道”的怀疑。常言道“天道无亲,常与善人”,文中说到伯夷、叔齐饿死收场,就连孔子最好的学生颜回由于食不果腹早早夭折,那“日杀不辜,肝人之肉,暴戾恣睢,聚党数千人横行天下”的盗拓“竟以寿终”。难怪太史公会有这样的疑惑了“余甚惑焉,所谓天道,是邪?非邪?”。
文章到了这里,作为史记列传开篇之作,写的不是歌功颂德,不是 “正能量”,而是举出大量例证来说明“天道无亲,常与善人”的荒谬。作者是想以质疑孔子,来质疑那个让他受辱的时代?还是以质疑“天道无亲,常与善人”来发泄心中的怨气?
非也。本篇后半段,作者表露了他的“真心”。
孔子说:“道不同,不相为谋”。在《报任安书》中,太史公谈到了自己的志向,“究天人之际,通古今之变,成一家之言”。 那个时代,拥有如此宏大的志向,又有几人可以言说呢?
贾谊说“贪财的人为财而死,有志功业的人为名献身,热衷权势的人为权势丧命,平民百姓为生存奋斗。”所以对于他人的不理解,对于时代的不理解,太史公并没过自怨自艾,只是人各有志罢了。“岁寒,然后知松柏之后凋”、“举世混浊,清士乃见”,作者犹如冬天里的松柏,淤泥中的白莲,孤独、脆弱却坚韧着。
那作者对孔子又报以何态度呢?文中说到“伯夷、叔齐虽贤,得夫子而名益彰;颜渊虽笃学,附骥而行益显。”意思是伯夷、叔齐、颜渊都是品德很高尚的人,但都是通过孔老夫子您的推介声名才得以凸显的啊。文章末尾还提到“闾巷之人,欲砥行立名者,非附青云之士,恶能施于后世哉”,太史公的意思是,像我这样的闾巷之人,想实现自己的志向,想声名远播,只能依附于像孔子这样的青云之士啊。虽然不知本句是太史公自谦说法,还是真心话,这已经表明了他对孔老夫子的态度了,是推崇而尊敬的。
太史公是以文明志,是通过“文刀”这把武器来实践自己的人生理想。他敢于对自己推崇的学术权威提出质疑,也通过严谨的行文,表达了自己的历史见解以及社会政治理想。通读全文,我在想,该怎样生活才能对得起自己的人生,我们的社会又是怎样的社会,历来的宣传教育是不是就那样真实可信呢?…
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