用英语介绍！！

长城修筑的历史悠久，工程雄伟浩大，是世界少有的奇迹。长城东西南北交错，绵延伏于我们伟大祖国辽阔的土地上。它好像一条巨龙，翻越巍巍群山，穿过茫茫草原，跨过浩瀚的沙漠，奔向苍茫的大海。根据历史文献记载，有20多个诸侯国家和封建王朝修筑过长城，若把各个时代修筑的长城加起来，大约有10万里以上。其中秦、汉、明3个朝代所修长城的长度都超过了1万里。现在我国新疆、 甘肃、 宁夏、 陕西、 内蒙古、 山西、河北、北京、 天津、 辽宁、 吉林、 黑龙江、 河南、山东、湖北、湖南等省、市、自治区都有古长城、峰火台的遗迹。其中仅内蒙古自治区的长城就达3万多里。

明朝在“外边”长城之外，还修筑了“内边”长城和“内三关”长城。“内关”长城以北齐所筑为基础，起自内蒙古与山西交界处的偏关以西，东行经雁门关、平型诸关入河北，然后折向东北，经来源、房山、昌平诸县，直达居庸关，然后又由北而东，至怀柔的四海关、与“外边”长城相接，以紫荆关为中心，大致成南北走向。“内三关”长城在很多地方和“内边”长城并行，有些地方两城相隔仅数十里。除此以外，还修筑了大量的“重城”。雁门关一带的“重城”就有24道之多！

长城是我国古代劳动人民创造的奇迹。自秦始皇开始，修筑长城一直是一项大工程。据记载，秦始皇使用了近百万劳动力修筑长城，占全国人口的1/20！当时没有任何机械，除运土、运砖可以用毛驴、山羊能爬山的牲畜外，全部劳动都得靠人力，而工作环境又是崇山峻岭、峭壁深壑。可以想见，没有大量的人群进行艰苦的劳动，是无法完成这项巨大工程的。

【长城】万里长城的工程量，据粗略估计，仅以明朝修筑为例，若将其砖石、土方用修筑一道厚1米、高5米的大墙，可环绕地球一周有余。如果用来铺筑一条宽5米、厚35厘米的马路，那就能绕地球三四周了。如果把所有朝代所修的总计10万里来计算，则这道长墙可绕地球十几周，这条马路，可绕地球三四十周。

“因地地形，用险制塞”是修筑长城的一条重要经验，在秦始皇的时候已经把它肯定下来，司马迁把它写入《史记》之中。以后每一个朝代修筑长城都是按照这一原则进行的。凡是修筑关城隘口都是非曲直选择在两山峡谷之间，或是河流转折之处。或是平川往来必经之地，这样既能控制险要，又可节约人力和材料，以达“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的效果。修筑城堡或烽火台也是选择在“四顾要之处”至于修筑城墙，更是充分地利用地地形，如像居庸关、八达岭的长城都有是沿着山岭的脊背修筑，有的地段从城墙外侧看去非常险峻，内侧则甚是平缓，收“易守难攻”之效。在辽宁境内，明代辽东镇的长城有一种叫山险墙、劈山墙的，就是利用悬崖陡壁，稍微把崖壁劈削一下就成为长城 了。还有一些地方完全利用危崖绝壁、江河湖泊作为天然屏障，真可以说是巧夺天工了.长城，作为一顶伟大的工程，成为中华民族的一份宝贵遗产。

The Great Wall constructs history glorious, the project grand is vast,is the world unusual miracle. The Great Wall thing north and southinterlock, are continuous bend down on our great motherland vast land.It looks like a great dragon, surmounts lofty hills, passed throughthe boundless grassland, bridged over the vast desert, rushes to theboundless sea. According to the historical literature record, somemore than 20 feudal lords country and the feudal dynasty hasconstructed the Great Wall, if constructs each time the Great Walladds, approximately above some 100,000 miles. Qin, the Chinese, thebright 3 dynasty repaired the Great Wall the length all to surpass10,000 miles. Now province, the city, the autonomous region and so onour country Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi,Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan,Shandong, Hubei, Hunan all have the ancient Great Wall, a peak firevestige. Only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Great Wall amounts tomore than 30,000 miles. Ming Dynasty in "outside" outside Great Wall, but also has constructed"in side" the Great Wall and "in three passes" the Great Wall. "Incloses" Great Wall to build take Northern Qi Dynasty as thefoundation, gets up from Inner Mongolian and west of Shanxi Pianguan, travels to the East closes, even Zhu Guanru after the wildgoose gate the Hebei, then folds to northeast, after the origin,Fangshan, Changping various counties, the direct link occupies thecommonplace pass, then by the north but east, to Huairou's fourcustoms, with "outside" the Great Wall docks, take closes asthe center, approximately becomes the north and south trend. "In threepasses" Great Wall in very many places and "in side" Great Wallparallel, some places two cities are separated by only dozens ofmiles. Except for this, but also has constructed massively "the heavycity". Area the wild goose gate closes "the heavy city" to have 24 tobe many! The Great Wall is the miracle which our country ancient times theworking people created. Starts from Chin Shihhuang, constructs theGreat Wall always is a big project. According to the record, ChinShihhuang used the nearly million labor forces to construct the GreatWall, accounted for the national population 1,/20! At that time didnot have any machinery, except the earth moving, transported the brickto be allowed to use outside the domestic animal which the donkey, thegoat could climb a mountain, completely worked all must depend on themanpower, but the working conditions also were the high mountainridge, the cliff . May infer that, not the massive crowds carryon the difficult work, is unable to complete this huge project. Great Wall's resilience, according to the rough estimate, onlyconstructs take the Ming Dynasty as the example, if its bricks andstones, the folk recipe with constructs together the depth 1 meter,the height 5 meter big walls, may surround an Earth week to have -odd.If uses for to lay a strip width 5 meter, the depth 35 centimetersstreets, that could circle the Earth three all around. If repairs alldynasty the grand total 100,000 miles calculate, then this Daoistpriest wall may circle the Earth several weeks, this street, maycircle the Earth 340 weeks. "Because of the terrain, fills with the dangerous system" isconstructs Great Wall's an important experience, in Chin Shihhuang'stime already affirmed it, Sima Qian reads in it "Shihchi" in. Latereach dynasty will construct Great Wall all is defers to this principleto carry on. Every is constructs Guan Chengai the mouth all rights andwrongs choice between two mountains canyons, perhaps rivers transitionplace. Perhaps flat country intercourse , both can controllike this important, and may save the manpower and the material,reaches "Wan Fumo opens" effect. Constructs the castleor the beacon tower also is the choice in "looks in all directionswants place" as for to construct the city wall, fully uses theterrain, like the picture occupies the commonplace pass, Badaling'sGreat Wall all has is constructs along the mountain ridge back, someland sectors looked from the city wall flank is extremely

【水立方】The National Aquatics Centre, known as 'The Water Cube', will be one of the most dramatic and exciting venues to feature sporting events for the Beijing Olympics in 2008.

The interior of the Centre also makes a strong impression
In July 2003, the consortium of Arup, architecture firm PTW, the CSCEC (China State Construction and Engineering Corporation) and the CSCEC Shenzhen Design Institute (CSCEC+DESIGN) won the international design competition for the National Aquatics Centre for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
The competition, which was judged by a panel of international architects, engineers and pre-eminent Chinese academics, commenced with submissions from ten international consortia and also involved a public exhibition and vote.
The Water Cube looks set to be ready in October 2007. Both the concrete and the steel structure have been completed, and 500 m² of prototype cladding was installed in April, 2006. The next phase is to install all of the cladding and then follow on with de-propping the internal structure and completing the interior.

The building's structural design is based on the natural formation of soap bubbles
To arrive at the building's structural design, which is based on the natural formation of soap bubbles to give a random, organic appearance, we used research undertaken by Weaire and Phelan (professors of physics) into how soap bubbles might be arranged in an infinite array.
To bring the design to life, the individual bubbles are incorporated into a plastic film and tailored like a sewing pattern. An entire section is pieced together and then put into place within the structure. There are interior and exterior films, and the film is then inflated once it is in-situ. It will be continuously pumped thereafter.
The actual pumping has been sub-contracted, and once the installation is complete the operator will be responsible for both the operation and maintenance of the facade for ten years. This was a key component of the brief and in the choice of contractor.
The project is an opportunity for us to offer our expertise in sustainable services. The building will use solar energy to heat the pools and the interior area, and all backwash water is to be filtered and returned to the swimming pools.
The scheme and design for the project was developed in Australia. The project has now been handed over to a team in Beijing who are taking care of the construction

In the new design, the roof of the stadium had been omitted from the design. Experts say that this will make the stadium safer, whilst reducing construction costs. The construction of the Olympic buildings will continue once again in the beginning of 2005.

In depth
The stadium's appearance is one of synergy, with no distinction made between the facade and the superstructure. The structural elements mutually support each other and converge into a grid-like formation - almost like a bird's nest with its interwoven twigs. The spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical, yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy, thus creating a unique historical landmark for the Olympics of 2008.

The stadium was conceived as a large collective vessel, which makes a distinctive and unmistakable impression both from a distance and when seen from up close. It meets all the functional and technical requirements of an Olympic National Stadium, but without communicating the insistent sameness of technocratic architecture dominated by large spans and digital screens.

Visitors walk through this formation and enter the spacious ambulatory that runs full circle around the stands. From there, one can survey the circulation of the entire area including the stairs that access the three tiers of the stands. Functioning like an arcade or a concourse, the lobby is a covered urban space with restaurants and stores that invite visitors to stroll around. Just as birds stuff the spaces between the woven twigs of their nests with a soft filler, the spaces in the structure of the stadium will be filled with inflated ETFE cushions. Originally, on the roof, the cushions were to be mounted on the outside of the structure to make the roof completely weatherproof, but the roof has been omitted from the design in 2004.

While the rain was to be collected for rainwater recuperation, the sunlight was to filter through the translucent roof, providing the lawn with essential ultraviolet radiation. On the facade, the inflated cushions will be mounted on the inside of the structure where necessary, e.g. to provide wind protection. Since all of the facilities -- restaurants, suites, shops and restrooms -- are all self-contained units, it is possible to do largely without a solid, enclosed facade. This allows for natural ventilation of the stadium, which is the most important aspect of the stadium's sustainable design.

The sliding roof was an integral part of the stadium structure. When it was to be closed, it would have converted the stadium into a covered arena; however, the sliding roof was eliminated in an effort to cut costs and increase overall safety of the radical new structure.
国家水上运动中心，被称为'水立方' ，将是一个最引人注目和令人振奋的场地特征的体坛盛事，为2008年北京奥运会。

该中心的内部，也使得一个强烈印象：
2003年7月，该财团的工程顾问，建筑设计公司ptw ，建筑（中国国家建设和工程公司）和深圳市建筑设计研究院（建筑+设计） ，赢得了国际性的设计比赛，为国家水上运动中心，为2008年北京奥运会。
竞争，这是判断的评审团由国际建筑师，工程师及前著名华人学者，展开与意见书，由十个国际财团，也涉及公共展览和表决。
水立方看来也会随时准备在2007年10月。无论是混凝土和钢结构已经完成， 500平方米的原型板被安装在2006年4月。下一阶段的工作是安装所有的包层，然后再跟进就与德propping内部结构和完善的内部。

该建筑的结构设计是基于对自然形成的肥皂泡
到达该建筑的结构设计，是基于对自然形成的肥皂泡给予一个随机的，有机的外观，我们常用的研究方法，由weaire和phelan （教授，物理系）到如何利用肥皂泡沫可能会被安排在一个无限阵列。
把设计到生活中，个别气泡被纳入一个塑料薄膜，并适合像一个缝纫格局。整整一节是拼凑起来的，然后付诸到地方内部结构。有内部和外部的电影，和电影，然后膨胀，一旦它在原位。它会不断抽水。
实际抽水已分段承包，一旦安装完成后，经营者必须既负责操作和维修的幌子，为十年。这是一个关键组成部分，言简意赅，在选择承包商。
该项目是一个机会，为我们提供了我们的专业知识在永续服务。建筑将采用太阳能加热游泳池和室内面积，而所有反冲洗水是经过过滤和回到泳池。
该计划与设计该项目是在澳大利亚。该项目现在已经移交给一个团队，在北京的人，照顾施工。

（我找滴好辛苦哦，给我加分哈）其他两个写不下了