君子六艺的具体解释

2025-02-28 07:36:23
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回答(1):

五礼即:“吉”礼,用于祭祀;“凶礼,用于丧葬;“军”礼,用于田猎和军事;“宾”礼,用于朝见或诸侯之间的往来; “嘉”礼, 用于宴会和庆贺。
吉礼即祭祀天神、地祗、人鬼等的礼仪活动。如郊天、大雩、大享明堂、祭日月、大蜡、祭社稷、祭山川、籍田、先蚕、祭天子宗庙、袼禘、功臣配享、上陵、释奠、祀先代帝王、祀孔子、巡狩封禅、祭高禖等。历代兴革不一,但极为统治阶级所重视。《周礼.春官.大宗伯》:“大宗伯之职,掌建邦之天神、人鬼、地祗之礼,以佐王建保邦国,以吉礼事邦国之鬼神祗。以禋祀祀昊天上帝,以实柴祀日月星辰……以血祭祭社稷五祀五岳,以貍沉祭山林川泽……以祠春享先生,以尝秋享先王,以烝冬享先王。”《通典.礼六六》:“大唐开元年之制五礼,其仪百五十有二。一曰吉礼,其仪五十有五:一,冬至祀昊天于圆丘;二,正月上辛祈谷于圆丘;三,孟夏雩祀于圆丘;四,季秋大享于明堂;五,立春祀青帝于东郊……五十五,王公以下拜扫、寒食拜扫。”
吉礼是五礼之冠,主要是对天神、地祗、人鬼的祭祀典礼。主要内容有:一,祀天神:昊天上帝;祀日月星辰;祀司中、司命、雨师。二,祭地祗:祭社稷、五帝、五岳;祭山林川泽;祭四方百物,即诸小神。三,祭人鬼:祭先王、先祖;禘祭先王、先祖;春祠、秋尝、享祭先王、先祖。
凶礼是对各种不幸事件进行悼念、慰问方面的礼节仪式。包括丧礼﹑荒礼﹑吊礼﹑禬礼﹑恤礼五者。
军礼,是指军队里的操练、征伐的行为规范。有大师之礼、大均之礼、大田之礼、大役之礼、大封之礼等。
宾礼用于朝聘会同,是天子款待来朝会的四方诸侯和诸侯派遣使臣向周王问安的礼节仪式。
西周五礼之一,嘉礼是饮宴婚冠、节庆活动方面的礼节仪式。嘉礼是和合人际关系、沟通、联络感情的礼仪。嘉礼主要内容有:饮食之礼;婚、冠之礼;宾射之礼;飨燕之礼;脤膰之礼;贺庆之礼。 六乐即: “云门”、“大咸”、“大韶”、“大夏”、 “大濩”、 “大武”等古乐名。
音乐具有教化、认知、审美及娱乐等功能。其中最主要的,则是教化。所谓教化,即是对美好心灵品质的培育与提升。心灵的本性应该是从善、从美的,教化的目的就是要使人弃恶从善,使人的心灵从丑恶的边缘回归到真善美。音乐作为人类创造的灿烂文化之一,以其揭示人类生存状态和精神世界的特殊而又巨大的功能,已成为人类心灵世界的一个伊甸园,也成为实现人类自身价值的途径。《乐记》云: “清明象天,广大象地,终始象四时,周旋象风雨,五色成文而不乱,八风从律而不奸,百度得数而有常。大小相成,终始相生,倡和清浊,迭相为径。故乐行而伦清,耳目聪明,血气和平,移风易俗,天下皆宁。” 六艺中的书,即识字,为基础课之一。现在流传下来的“六书”指六种制造汉字的方法,即“象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借”。
六书一词最早见于《周礼·地官》:“掌谏王恶而养国子以道,乃教之六艺,……,五曰六书,六曰九数。”其中没有对“六书”详细的名称,也没有对六书的解释。西汉刘歆《七略》:“古者八岁入小学,故周官保氏掌养国子,教之六书,谓象形、象事、象意、象声、转注、假借,造字之本也。”这是对六书最早的解释,象形、象事、象意、象声指的是文字形体结构,转注、假借指的是文字的使用方式。
东汉许慎受刘歆的启示,费几十年的精力整理汉字,编成《说文解字》一书,在这本书的“叙”说:“周礼八岁入小学,保氏教国子先以六书。一曰指事,指事者视而可识,察而见意,上下是也。二曰象形,象形者画成其物,随体诘诎,日月是也。三曰形声,形声者以事为名,取譬相成,江河是也。四曰会意,会意者比类合谊,以见指伪,武信是也。五曰转注,转注者建类一首,同意相受,考老是也。六曰假借,假借者本无其字,依声托事,令长是也。”许慎的解说,是历史上首次对六书定义的正式记载。后世对六书的解说,仍以许义为核心。 九数即九九乘法表,古代学校的数学教材。六艺中的数同样是一门基础课,蕴含着十分深奥的学问。在古代中国,数学和阴阳风水等“迷信”活动一起,被归入术数类。它的主要功能除了解决日常的丈量土地、算账收税等实际问题,就是要计算天体,推演历法。在这方面,古代中国人有着惊人的成就。

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