推荐回答(2个)
茄子在市民的餐桌上是当家菜,但一到冬季北方地区很难吃到本地的茄子,一是茄子品种单一,一代杂交种较少,加之各种病虫害流行,致使茄子产量不高、不稳。二是没有可靠的生产技术,在北方寒冷地区日光温室茄子很难过冬。近两年笔者等示范推广了并杂圆茄1号越冬一大茬嫁接茄子栽培技术,实现了春节前后茄子大量上市,取得了较高的产量和效益。从当年12月始上市收获至翌年6月,通过嫁接使茄子黄萎病发病率明显降低,嫁接苗发病率只有1.1%。实现了每667平方米产量9400kg,收入27160元,较好地解决了茄子越冬、丰产与优质之间的矛盾。现将其栽培技术介绍如下。
嫁接前应注意的问题床土消毒:选用前茬非茄科种植土壤,最好是种植大田作物的土壤,将大田土与优质有机肥按6∶4体积比配好床土,用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂15~20g和50%辛硫磷乳油150mL兑水15~20kg喷洒苗床,拌匀后建堆,外盖一层日棚膜,消毒处理15天后,建苗床并装营养钵。砧木选择:选择优良砧木,有助于提高嫁接苗的成活率,达到抗病、高产、优质的目的。砧木应具备以下几个特点:与接穗的亲和力强,根系发达、抗病,既耐高温又耐低温,嫁接后不影响产品的质量。目前生产上主要使用野生茄子品种“托鲁巴姆”。接穗选择:接穗品种可任选当地优良茄子品种。
育苗适期育苗:嫁接栽培先播砧木,后播接穗,二者播种间隔以15~20天为宜。各个棚室因温度、光照等有所差异,因此在苗期常会出现秧苗大小不均现象。根据情况将大小苗分开管理,小苗做好保温,大苗给以炼苗。为以后嫁接育出优质接穗和砧木打下良好的基础。秋温室茄子嫁接育苗:秋冬茬可在6~7月份育砧木苗,先进行催芽。将砧木种子放在55℃的温水中浸泡15min,然后装袋催芽。最低温度20℃时,催芽16h,最高温度30℃时,催芽8h,交替变温催芽。约15天砧木芽出齐后,播种覆土盖膜,株行距6~7cm。接穗茄子的催芽是先将种子倒入60℃的热水中不停地搅拌,当水温降至30℃时浸泡24h,然后装袋催芽。当芽出齐后,播种覆土后盖上地膜。当砧木苗出现2片真叶时,移栽到营养钵内。冬舂温室茄子嫁接育苗:在8月下旬~9用上旬,对砧木种子用上述方法进行催芽,当砧木芽出齐后,将土壤浇足底水,将出芽后的砧木均匀地直播于育苗盘或温床内,覆土1.5~2cm,上盖地膜,约15天,苗可出齐,随即进行接穗播种。接穗种子的催芽、播种方法同上。小拱棚茄子嫁接育苗:1月中下旬开始播种拱棚茄子砧木和接穗种子,具体方法同秋温室嫁接育苗。
嫁接嫁接方法得当:嫁接适期的接穗、砧木为4~5片真叶,茎粗0.4~0.5cm。要求幼苗健壮、不徒长、不老化。嫁接方法以劈切接为好,易操作、速度快、成活率高。砧木从第二片真叶以上0.2cm处横向切断,纵切口离第二片真叶叶柄基部0.1~0.2cm,并平行于第二片真叶叶脉向下切,深1cm。接穗留3~4片真叶,下端切成0.8~1cm的刀背楔形插入砧木切口,对准皮层后用夹子夹上即可。
注意事项:保证接穗形成层与砧木相应的形成层对准;嫁接后浇水时不能浇到接口上,以免切口感染。
嫁接后精细管理高温高湿,促进愈合:茄子嫁接后前3天是接口愈合的关键时期,光照、温度、湿度要求严格,在管理上要特别注意。嫁接后应密闭遮阳保湿,两三天后方可见散射光,一周后可逐渐通风见光,使其逐渐适应外部气候。白天,小拱棚内温度保持25~28℃,夜间20~22℃,空气相对湿度95%以上,即小拱棚内膜面均匀地布满水珠。在嫁接苗完全可以通风后,给嫁接苗叶面喷雾0.2%磷酸二氢钾和72.2%普力克600倍混合液,以防接穗9估黄化病变。清水喷灌,防止萎蔫:小拱棚打开通风以后,拱棚内湿度会迅速降低,甚至低于75%,需要给拱棚内增加湿度,可在早晨10∶00左右,用清水喷雾小拱棚内膜面。在遮阳的情况下,如接穗仍出现萎蔫,可对内膜面和接穗叶面都进行喷雾。第8天左右时,小水漫灌嫁接苗床,估计水能渗透营养钵为止,浇水后延迟关闭小拱棚,控制拱棚内空气相对湿度在75%左右。及时移苗,补充养分:嫁接后第10天拆掉小拱棚,中午用遮阳网遮阳,降低温度,昼温控制在22~26℃,夜温12~15℃,空气相对湿度降低到75%以下,营养钵保持湿润。12天以后,对嫁接苗进行分级管理,选晴天除去嫁接苗砧木上新萌发的侧枝和接穗上黄叶、病叶,将弱小苗和健壮苗分开摆放,摆放时营养钵之间距离3cm,扩大嫁接苗光照面积,苗床摆满后,大水漫灌苗床,水漫到营养钵高度的1/2为止。以后,营养钵表土发白即进行浇水,上浇下灌,直到定植前10天。分级管理后用0.1%磷酸二氢钾浇灌1~2次嫁接苗,每钵0.25kg溶液,补充养分,促进嫁接苗花芽分化。
定植
嫁接后30天左右即可定植。首先要深翻整地,由于砧木根系发达,所以要施足底肥。每667平方米施腐熟的优质有机
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