分词短语 知识讲解 什么叫做分词短语做状语

分词（短语）作状语是非谓语动词的一个重要用法，也是高考考查的一个热点。分词作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步状语时，分别等于被省略的状语从句或并列谓语结构。作状语在句首时，有时可以和when，unless, once, while, if, though 等连词连用。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语常和全句主语一致，可根据主动、被动关系以及其时态意义，选择现在分词、过去分词的其他形式。掌握其用法可从以下几个方面入手：一、掌握分词作状语时与句子主语的关系1、过去分词作状语时，与句子主语（即过去分词的逻辑主语）存在被动的关系，有时还表示动作已经完成。例如：Seen from the top of the hill, the train looks like a snake.（表示被动，分词动作与句子谓语动作同时发生）从这座山上看来，火车就像一条蛇。Told many times, he hasn’t remembered it. （表示被动，分词动作先于句子谓语动作发生）已经被多次告知，他还是未能记住这事。而现在分词作状语，与句子主语存在主动关系。Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.使用一般式还是完成式，主语语态还是被动语态，主要根据分词与句中谓语的时间关系、分词与句中的主语的关系来确定。Not having received his letter for long, she felt a little worried.Being treated, the injured cried all the time.[考例] ①（2003北京）________ time , he’ll make a first—class tennis player.A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given②（2000上海）_________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the in the United States.A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding③_______a reply, he decided to write again. ( 92 )A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received④“We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob , ____ out of the window. ( 04 四川 吉林)A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked2、某些过去分词（短语）由于来源于系表结构，有些甚至具有形容词的特征，因此，虽然它们作状语时与句子主语之间存在逻辑意义上的主动关系，但仍然用它们的过去分词来作状语。这类过去分词（短语）常见的主要有：caught in , devoted to （忠实于；热爱），disappointed at , determined to . dressed in , exhausted（疲惫不堪），hidden, lost in （沉湎于）, prepared for, seated, tired of （厌倦）等。例如：Caught in the heavy rain, Jennifer didn’t arrive on time.遭遇大雨，詹妮弗没有按时到达。Disappointed at the examination results, the top student sat there in stony silence.对考试结果很失望，那位尖子生一言不发地坐在那儿。Entirely devoted to the Party, the young soldier gave his life for his country.对党无限忠诚，这位年轻的士兵为祖国献出了生命。[考例] ⑤（NMET1996）______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.二、掌握分词作状语在句中的位置分词作状语，常位于句首，也可以位于句尾，间或也可位于句中（主语后面），均需用逗号与句子主干分隔开。例如：Being sick, I stayed at home.Realizing that she couldn’t move the heavy box, she asked me to help her.He came running back to tell me the news.Followed by his assistants, the professor walked out of the hall.The professor walked out of the hall, followed by his assistants.The professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall.[考例] ⑥（2003北京春）Mr. Smith, _____of the _____speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring⑦(2004上海春） After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, ____.A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted三、掌握分词作状语与状语从句之间的转换分词作状语在功能上相当于状语从句，在句中可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、让步等。所以这些短语往往可以把它转化成对应的从句或句子。① 表示时间Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.(=When I looked out of the window….)我从窗户望出去，看见几个学生在那儿玩。Heated, water will turn into vapour.（= When it is heated,….）水受热就会变成水蒸气。Asked why he was late , he went red. (= When he was asked why ….)问他为什么迟到，他涨红了脸。Having done my shopping, I returned home. (= When I had done…/ After I had done …)买完东西，我就回家了。② 表示原因Being League members, we are ready to help others.由于我们是团员，我们乐意帮助别人。(Since we are League members，….)Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.在他的话的鼓舞下，我们决心更加努力学习。(Since we are inspired by what he said, ….)She asked me to help her, realizing that she couldn’t move the heavy suitcase alone.她请我帮帮她，因为她意识到她一个人搬不动那个沉重的衣箱。Not knowing his address, I can’t write to him. 由于不知他的地址，我无法给他写信。(Since I didn’t know his address, …)Not having received his letter for long, she felt a little worried.由于很长时间没收到他的信了，她感到有点担心。(Because she hadn’t received his letter for long, ….)③ 表示条件Working hard, you’ll surely succeed. (= If you work hard ,…) 如果你努力工作，你就一定会成功。Given more time , we could have done it better. ( If we had been given more time,….)如果给我们的时间多一些，我们本来会做得更好。United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= If we are united, …; if we are divided,…)团结一致，我们就会成功；各自为政，我们就会失败。④ 表示伴随或方式The boy sat in front of the farm—house cutting the branch.那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）An old man entered, supported by a girl. 一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）⑤表示结果The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.那孩子滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines. 大风刮到了一千五百万棵树，阻塞了大小道路和铁路线。European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 八十个国家踢的都是欧式足球，这使得它成为世界上最普及的一项体育运动。因此，有时可以在作状语的分词前视其所表示的情况添加连词when ,while, if, once, though, unless, as, if, even if 等，这种“连词+分词”作状语可看作在连词与分词之间省略了与句子主语相同的主语及相关成分。例如：If ( I am)given another chance, I will do it much better.要是再得到一次机会，我会把它做得更好。When (the museum is)completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.博物馆一竣工，就会在来年对公众开发。Even if (I were)invited to the party, I wouldn’t go.即使受邀去参加聚会，我也不回去。[考例] ⑧(NMET 2002) The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun⑨（上海1998） If _______ the same treatment again , he is sure to get well.A. giving B. give C. given D. being given⑩(2003上海春) Unless ______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited⑾（2004湖北）________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared四、分词作状语时，若其逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则须在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。例如：Her homework finished, Jessica went out for a walk. 作业做完后，杰西卡出去散步了。The question settled, the meeting ended. 问题得到解决，会议就结束了。Night coming on , we started for home.Weather permitting , we’ll go there on foot.注意：有时“逻辑主语+分词”独立主格结构可由with引出。以上也可改为：With her homework finished, Jessica went out for a walk.With the question settled, the meeting ended.[考例] ⑿ (MET1992) The murderer was brought in with his hands ______ behind his back.A. being tired B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied五、一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。