推荐回答(2个)
蔬菜防寒防冻有哪些措施?
发布日期:2014-12-03
近期寒流发生频繁,对大棚菜的生长发育极为不利,蔬菜易受冻害,导致品质下降,广大菜农要做好防冻、防风、防积雪工作,及早预防并及时采取相应的管理措施,是搞好棚菜冬季生产的关键。
1.加强覆盖,保暖防冻。
在低温冻害来临前,露地蔬菜上要覆盖稻草或塑料薄膜、无纺布等;大棚蔬菜要提前加固大棚支架,压紧棚膜,采取多层覆盖方法,在大棚内加扣中、小拱棚,盖上薄膜、草帘或无纺布等,这样多层覆盖可使大棚内温度大大增高,同时要注意堵塞各处的缝隙,尽量减少缝隙散热。晴天大棚蔬菜要注意放风炼苗,晚揭早盖,在中午前后小通风一会,及时将氨气等有害气体排出棚外;连续阴雨天久阴乍晴或降雪后天气骤晴不能一次全部揭开覆盖物,应间隔揭开,让植株缓慢适应环境,健壮生长。预防冻害还须保持棚膜干净,增加薄膜透明度,增加光照,提高大棚温度。
2.施肥培土,提高土温。
利用晴天结合中耕,用牛粪、猪粪或堆肥等已充分腐熟的暖性肥施于蔬菜根际处,既可疏松土壤,提高土温,又可直接保护蔬菜根系。
3.清理沟渠,预防渍害。
对菜田尤其是地势低洼的田块,在四周要挖好沟系,保证沟渠畅通,以便在冬季雨雪以后能及时排除积水。雨雪天后,要及时清除大棚上与棚脚的积雪,防止积雪压塌大棚和雪在融化时吸收大量热量而降低棚温。
4.控氮撒灰,提高抗寒能力。蔬菜幼苗期切忌偏施氮肥,避免植株生长幼嫩,抗寒力差。
在低温冻害来临前,可在叶面上喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾2~3次。也可在蔬菜地面上撒一层草木灰,既能防寒防冻,又能增加养分,还对蔬菜的根腐病有较好的防效。
5.灌水加温,提高棚温。寒流侵袭前1~2天,趁天气晴朗进行浇灌,冬灌水要浇足、浇透,田间水最好当天能渗完。
6.剪除枯、病枝叶,及时防病。及时剪去受冻带病斑的枝叶,以免组织霉变诱发病害。蔬菜受冻后,降低了自身抵抗力,容易遭受病菌侵染,可在棚内放置烟熏剂燃烧,预防蔬菜病害。
(1)多层膜覆盖
一层棚膜的保温性能较差,当外界气温较低,棚内为0℃左右就会出现冻害。因此,需要多层覆盖薄膜来保证棚内温度。要做到“三膜一帘”覆盖,即覆盖大棚膜、小棚膜、地膜、大棚上再加盖草帘,当外界气温降到-5℃,棚内一般也不会发生冻害。
(2)配制热性土
采用鸡粪、热性有机肥料、牛粪等透气性肥料配制成热性土使用,即当其腐熟后各取20%,拌干细土60%,这样的营养土吸热和生热性能好,使蔬菜幼苗生长环境好,根系生长数目多而长,吸收功能强,生长的蔬菜健壮,自然抗寒力强。
(3)控施氮肥
苗期适当减少氮肥用量,切不可偏施化学氮肥,以免蔬菜抗寒力差。追肥宜早,以促使蔬菜菜苗老健。低温之前不能施用速效氮肥,宜追施一次磷钾肥,以增强抗寒能力。冬季光照弱,蔬菜吸肥能力差,叶面喷施光合微肥,可防治因根系吸收营养不足造成的缺素症,同时应少用或不用生长类激素,以防生长柔嫩而降低抗寒性。
(4)补充碳素
棚室中栽培的蔬菜,在太阳出来后1小时就可将夜晚植株呼吸和土壤微生物分解所产生的二氧化碳吸收,而后则处于碳饥饿状态。因此,遇到晴天气温高时可将棚膜开开合合,放进外界的二氧化碳,以提高蔬菜的抗寒性和产量,气温低时则闭棚,冬季人为地补充二氧化碳,可提高抗寒力,增加产量。
(5)浅中耕保温
菜地表面板结,白天热气进入耕作层受到限制,贮热就会减少,加之裂缝大而深,土壤团粒结构差,前半夜易散热,后半夜室温低,易造成冷害。如果对棚土进行浅中耕,可起到破板结、补裂缝的作用,既可控制地下水蒸腾带走热量,又可保墒保温,防寒保苗。
(6)灌足水防冻
冬季蔬菜冻害多因缺水所致。因水比空气的比热高、散热慢,若土壤含水量适中、耕作层孔隙裂缝细密、根系不悬空,土壤保温性就能提高,根系不会受到冻害。因此,对棚菜冬前灌足水或冬期选好天气(20℃以上时)灌足水,防冻效果好。
(7)营养钵育苗
采用黑色塑料营养钵育苗,白天吸热保温护根,当外界气温在0℃以下,棚内厢面温度在5℃左右时,营养钵内温度可达8~10℃,蔬菜幼苗能缓慢生长,不受冻害。
(8)生根素灌根
过冬的棚室蔬菜,使用生根素后根系可增加60%左右,根深增加25%左右。根系发达吸收能力强,就不会因缺水、缺素导致菜苗因抗寒性差而遭冻伤。
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