情态动词
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式
（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法
一、情态动词+行为动词完成式
情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：
1）Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2）You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.
2. could have v-ed
could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如：
1）“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”
2）“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.”
3.may / might have v-ed
may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如：
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed
ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：
1）With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
2）You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
5. needn’t have v-ed
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.
注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如：
“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”
“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”
二、情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room.
2）She may be staying at home.
三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
四、某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. need
考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别，对此，可参见表1.need 作情态动词时，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式，即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中，表示询问是否有“必要”，其否定形式为needn’t，表示“不必”；疑问形式为 Need … do? 极少用于肯定句。例如：
1）I don’t think we need turn the light on at that time.
2）Need you ride a bike to school?
情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。
2. dare
考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。
情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。
3. can 和 may
考试中主要测试can，may或could，might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。
时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
（1）can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如：
1）According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.
（2）May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”
4. can 和 be able to
can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力，但两者在用法上有点差异：can (could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事。例如：
1）My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.
2）He is able to give up his bad habits.
5. must 和 have to
must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别：
（1）must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。
（2）have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。
（3）在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to，因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如：
1）You must come to the classroom before eight.
2）It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.
3）“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.”
6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。
（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
7．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
非谓语动词
语法讲座
非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，学生常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。
一、分析句子结构
1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it .
A. Having been told . B. Told
C. He was told D. Though he had been told
3. ________to the left , you'll find the post office .
4. If you ________to the left , you'll find the post office .
5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned
分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子成分，故选C。
句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。
句3. 同句2，选A 。
句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成从句谓语。
句5. 同句1，选C。
二、分析逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。
1. ________no buses , we have to walk home .
A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being
2. ______Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home .
分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“there”，故选A 。
句2. 同理选D。
三、分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .
2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .
A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See
这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
分析：句1. “地球”被“看起来”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。
句2. 我们“主动看……”即表主动，故选B。
3. The dirty clothes ______ , the girl hung them up outside .
4. ______ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside .
A. was washed B. washed C.were washed D.having washed
分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是“the dirty clothes”，和动词搭配表示“衣服被洗”，故选B。
句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语“the girl”，表示“女孩洗衣服”，为主动关系，故选D。
四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。
1. The building ______now will be a restaurant .
2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant .
3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.
A. having been built B.to be built
C.being built D. built
句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。
句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。
句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。
又如：
1. He stood there______for his mother .
2. ______for two hours , he went away .
A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D.Having waited
句1表示“站在那等”，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。
句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词“went away ”之前，故用完成式，选D 。
需要注意的是，非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目，要认清否定形式，非谓语动词的否定都应将not 放在前面。
如：
What is the reason for ______there ?
A. not your going B. not your go
C. your not going D. you not to go
巩固练习:
1. ______won't be of much help .(A)
A .Tom's going B. Tom going C. Tom to go D. Tom goes
2. They managed _____the meeting room before the guests arrived. (C)
A. finishing to clean B. finishing cleaning
C. to finish cleaning D. to finish to clean
3. We must find a room big enough _____.(B)
A. for all of us to live B. for all of us to live in
C. to live in all of us D. of all of us to live
4. _____a teacher , I should set a good example to students . (A)
A. Being B. Having been C. To be D. As I being
5. _____a teacher ,one must first be their pupil . (C)
A. Being B. Having been
C. To be D. To have been
6. It was stupid _____ your advice. (C)
A. for me not to take B. for me not taking
C. of me not to take D. of me not taking
7. The teacher told him to speak louder _____by , everybody. (A)
A. so as to be heard B. so as to hear
C. in order that heard D. in order to hear
8. They suggested _____ the sports meet till next Tuesday. (B)
A. us to put off B. our putting off
C. us of putting off D. our put off
9. The doctor gave me some medicine , _____ three times a day before meals. (C)
A. to take B. to be taking C. to be taken D. I took it
10. Thanking them for their kindness , he said that the old lady really appreciated _____by them. (D)
A. visiting B. visited
C. to be visited D. being visited
11. _____made her parents very angry . (B)
A. Jane's engaging Black B. Jane's being engaged to Black
C. Jane having engaged to Black D. Jane has engaged to Black
12. Don't you think it any good_____in public places? (B)
A. forbidding smoking B. to forbid smoking
C. to forbid to smoke D. forbidding to smoke
13. China is a _____ country and we should introduce _____ science and technology from the _____ countries. (B)
A. developed; advanced; developed B. developing;advanced;developed
C. developing;advancing;developing D. developed; advancing ; developing
14. _____, the work can be done much better . (C)
A. Given more time B.We had been given more time
C. More time given D. If more time had given
15. _____from space , the earth , with water _____seventy percent of its surface , looks like a "blue ball". (D)
A. Seen ; covered B. Seeing ; covering
C. Seeing; covered D. Seen; covering
16. People always shake hands with each other when _____. (C)
A. to introduce B. introduce C. introduced D. introducing
17. _____, tears ran down her pale face. (A)
A. No word said B. Say no word
C. Not saying a word D. Without saying a word
18. Tigers _____ meat -eating animals , _____meat . (A)
A. belonged to ;fed on B. belonging to ; feed on
C. were belonged to ; feed on D. belonging to ; feeding on
19. We must take measures to prevent our earth _____. (C)
A. to be polluted B. from polluting
C. from being polluted D. from polluted
20. As the stone was too heavy to move , I left it _____ on the ground . (C)
A. laying B. lay C. lying D. lain.
情态动词:http://www.eduzy.org/word/39/27/392705.htm
非谓语动词:http://normanmo.blogchina.com/1270090.html
怎么慢慢看吧，很全哦~
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