推荐回答(3个)
种植方法:
用播种及扦插繁殖。播种,当种子成熟采下后立即播种,撒播或条播,经2~4周出苗,待苗高3~4寸移植一次,如生长良好,播种后一年即可定植。扦插繁殖,每年2~4月,剪取健壮充实枝条,长约1尺,插入土中,深度为枝长的一半。经常保持土壤湿润,第二年清明前后即可定植。亦可采用根插法。
番石榴可用实生、扦插、圈枝(空中压条)和嫁接法育苗。由于根系能发生根蘖,也可以用分番石榴株法。但实生繁殖有变异性,最好用营养袋繁殖。
一般选用本砧,当苗木直径达0.7厘米时,即可嫁接。可用芽接或枝接法。时间以冬春季为宜。接穗不宜过老或过嫩,以刚脱皮的枝条为宜。在接穗采集前10~15天,摘去叶片,待芽将要萌发时剪取,效果最佳。砧木粗壮,积累养分多,有利于嫁接成活。一般芽接后1个月解绑,接芽愈合成活后剪砧,促使接穗萌发生长,1年后可出圃定植。
(2)圈枝育苗
选直径1.2~1.5厘米的2-3年生枝条,在距枝梢顶端40~60厘米处环剥,环剥宽2~3厘米,包上生根介质。包生根介质前用吲哚丁酸(IBA)水溶液或羊毛脂涂环剥口,能促使早发根,根量多,成活率也高。2个月后,新根生长密集时将其锯离母株假植。发二次新梢并转绿后种植。
要提高圈枝成苗率应注意4点:一是待发三次新根时再锯下假植;二是最好用营养袋假植培育;三是假植时番石榴剪去大部分枝叶,但不要全剪,防止发新芽太快,导致新梢回枯,苗木枯死;四是适当遮阴,调控水分。
(3)扦插育苗
剪取茎粗1.2~1.5厘米的2~3年生枝,长15厘米,于2-4月扦插。用0.2%吲哚丁酸处理插穗基部,能促进发根,加2%蔗糖更好。也可以用0.2%萘乙酸(NAA)处理并带叶扦插,在喷雾的条件下效果更佳。处理后于28~32℃插床中培育,发根快而好。
番石榴早熟品种及贫瘠土壤可采用行株距4米×4米栽植;中晚熟品种及肥沃的土壤可采取行株距6米×4米或5米×5米栽植。结合改土挖深、宽各80厘米的定植穴,分层埋入杂草、绿肥、有机肥及石灰。回填后要高出地面20厘米以上,最好提前1个月施基肥、回填定植穴,有利于定植穴土壤沉实,避免栽植后下沉而导致栽植过深。栽植后树盘盖草并浇透定根水。梢叶过多时可剪去部分叶片减少水分的消耗。栽植后立支柱,防止风吹摇动、折断嫩枝。
】常绿小乔木或灌木,高5~12m,没有直立主干,根系发达。单叶对生,叶背有绒毛并中肋侧脉隆起。花单生或2~3朵聚生叶腋,花两性,雄蕊多数,雌蕊1枚。浆果卵形或洋梨形,种子多数,小而坚硬。生长最适温度23~28℃,最低月平均温度15.5℃以上才有利于生长。年降雨量以1000~2000mm为宜。耐旱亦耐湿,郝光,阳光充足,结果早、品质好。对土壤水分要求不严,土壤pH值4.5~8.0均能种植。
【分布状况】番石榴是一种适应性很强的热带果树。原产美洲热带,16~17世纪传播至世界热带及亚热带地区,如北美洲、大洋洲、新西兰、太平洋诸岛、印度尼西亚、印度、马来西亚、北非、越南等。约17世纪末传入我国。现台湾、广东、广西、福建、江西等省均有栽培,有的地方已逸为野生果树。
【繁殖】番石榴常年开花结果,树高可达5米,主干不甚直立,树皮绿褐色、光滑。叶对生,革质长椭圆形或长卵形,背面有茸毛。花两性,白色。浆果卵形、梨形或球形,成熟时淡黄或粉红色,味略酸而有特殊香味。种子小而多。自然界常由鸟类传播,种子繁殖;生产上用实生播种或扦插、压条、嫁接繁殖均可。中国以高枝压条繁殖为主
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