雍正死后为何不葬在清东陵?是为避其皇父康熙吗?

2025-02-27 07:00:15
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

清西陵位于易县县城西15公里处的永宁山下,距北京 140公里,距保定约100公里,占地面积达100 多平方公里。清西陵是清代自雍正时起四位皇帝的陵寝之地,共有14座陵墓,包括雍正的泰陵、嘉庆的昌陵、道光的慕陵和光绪的崇陵。此外还有 3座后陵,以及若干座公主、妃子园寝。因与清东陵东西相对而称西陵。 事实上,自清王朝入关,顺治、康熙两朝的帝王后妃在京师以东的昌瑞山下建造陵寝后,便开创了"子随父葬,祖辈衍继"的"昭穆之制"。"昭穆"为古代宗法制度,宗庙次序,始祖居庙中,以下父子递为昭穆,其左为昭,其右为穆。父为昭,则子为穆,父为穆,则子为昭。这种方法也用于坟地葬位的左右次序。早在古代的《周礼》一书中就曾有"先王之葬居中,以昭穆为左右"的规范记述。关于为什么雍正帝违背"昭穆之制"另选陵址,有人说,雍正帝嫌东陵风水不佳而选西陵为自己"万年吉地"的,也有人说雍正皇帝觉得易城离北京较近,尤其是距离出产石料的曲阳县非常近,明清两代修建皇宫和陵墓所需用的汉白玉石料都是产自曲阳太行山区,因此,决定把自己的陵墓建在西陵,可以节省许多人工。还有人说,雍正是篡改了康熙的遗旨,死后不敢去见他父亲,才在西陵另建坟墓。那么,哪一种说法才是历史事实? 翻开史书,我们可以看到雍正即位后,政权日益稳固,建造陵寝一事业已提上了日程。雍正四年(1726年),他把这一重任交给干练忠诚的心腹重臣允祥,命另一位心腹张廷玉辅助,工部、内务府负责具体办理建陵事务。 顺治、康熙二帝陵墓都建在遵化,允祥等人自然在遵化一带寻找吉地。跋山涉水,披星戴月,仔细寻觅。第二年四月,允祥终于在九凤朝阳山看中了一块陵地,雍正帝也点头同意。但后来精通堪舆的臣僚术士再三相度,又认为九凤朝阳山"规模虽大而形局未全,穴中之土又带砂石,实不可用"。因此,雍正废掉了这处陵址,让臣僚们再行勘察。允祥等人转而又到别处寻找,经过四处踏勘,确认遵化一带再无中意之地。于是,朝北京西南方向踏勘,总算在易县泰宁山太平峪找到一块上好陵地。按照允祥等人的说法,此处西依云山,北靠泰宁山,东傍丘陵地,南临易水河,堪称:"乾坤聚秀之区,为朝阳会和之所,龙穴砂石,无美不收。形势理气,诸吉咸备。" 但是,若在此处选择陵址,显然违背了子随父葬的制度,他不便马上表态,只说此处是"山脉水法,条理详明,洵为上吉之壤",但距父亲的景陵和祖父的孝陵"相去数百里,朕心不忍"。暗示臣僚们为自己违背"子随父葬"之制,寻找依据。心领神会的臣僚们,为了让雍正的真实意图得以顺利实现,大学士九卿便开会讨论,从浩繁的史籍中引经据典,来证明历代帝王父子陵墓可以不在一地。九卿会议之后,大臣们便奏称:"臣等按帝王世纪及通志、通考诸书,历代帝王营建陵寝之所,如夏禹在浙江之会稽,自启以后在山西之夏县,少康则在河南之太康,彼此相间岂止千里……到汉唐诸帝均在陕西,可汉高帝、文帝、景帝、武帝之陵又分别在咸阳、长安、高陵和兴平等地;唐高祖、太宗、高宗、玄宗也分于三原、醴泉、乾州、蒲城诸地,其间相距远的四五百里,近者亦二三百里。今泰宁山太平峪万年吉地,虽与孝陵、景陵相距百里,然易州、遵化均与京师密迩,且同居畿辅,并列神州,其地实未为遥远。"因此,在易州建陵,并无与古制不合之说。更甚者,大臣们还把选陵址上升到关乎国家昌盛繁荣的前途命运的高度来谏说:"地脉之呈祥,关乎天运之发祥,历数千百里蟠结之福区,开亿万斯年之厚泽。"雍正帝闻听方"朕心始安"。 这样,满清入关后沿用的"昭穆之制",给雍正轻易地打破了。自此,清朝帝王的陵寝便以京师为坐标,分成前述东、西两大陵区。 对于雍正为了节省人工,而修建清西陵,最直接的反证是两广总督孔毓殉在奏称采办情况时,雍正帝说:"一切动用钱粮,宁费毋省。"也就是说为建自己的陵墓,只要办好,花费钱粮多少可以在所不计。 而雍正篡改了康熙的遗旨,崇仰佛教的他害怕死后灵魂遭康熙报复而不敢葬于东陵不过是后人们的妄自揣测罢了,并没有直接的证据。 泰陵从1730年始建到1737年竣工,历时八年之久,征用舟车,运载数万辆次,役使民工上千万人,死亡人数不可计数,泰陵落成后,乾隆皇帝,为兼顾东、西两陵区的盛衰,决定把自己的陵寝改建在东陵区,并于乾隆六十一年(1796年)在谕旨中言明:"因思皇考陵寝在西,朕万年吉地设又近依皇考,万万年后,我子孙亦思近依祖父,俱选吉京西,则与东路孝陵、景陵日远日疏,不足以展孝思而申爱慕"。为防止有子孙在清东、西陵之外另选陵址,乾隆还在诏谕中硬性规定了"兆葬之制"。也就是说,若父葬于东陵,则子在西陵;若父在西陵,则子必在东陵。不过,令乾隆没想到的是,还没出三十年,他的孙子道光帝又违背乾隆的规制,埋葬到了西陵区。让道光感到庆幸的是,这一违规之举竟逃过军阀孙殿英一劫,使其免遭盗陵曝尸之厄运。

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