推荐回答(5个)
昭君出塞的背景
自周秦以来,匈奴一直是中原汉族的一支强敌。秦末汉初,当刘邦、项羽还在争夺霸业的时候,匈奴冒顿单于杀父自立,武力空前强盛。自汉高祖六年(公元前201年),匈奴冒顿单于开始多次率兵进犯中原,于是汉高祖采纳了与匈奴和亲的建议,以宗室女嫁给冒顿为阏氏(汉代匈奴的正妻),并和匈奴结为兄弟,每年赠送大量絮、缯、酒、食物等等。经过文景之治,汉朝的社会经济得到恢复和发展,军事力量日益强大。于是汉武帝在元光二年(公元前133年)对匈奴发动了大规模的战争。
宣帝神爵四年(公元前58年),呼韩邪单于立。此后,匈奴统治集团内部发生夺权斗争,形成5个单于纷争的局面。经过一场互相攻杀的复杂斗争,宣帝五凤二年(公元前56年)呼韩邪单于取得胜利。但两年后,他又被自立为郅支单于的兄长左贤王击败,被迫出走龙庭。后来,呼韩邪单于采纳部下的建议,宣帝甘露三年(公元前51年)正月,呼韩邪入朝进朝觐见汉宣帝,汉宣帝以礼相待。从此扭转了自汉初以来约150年汉匈两族间的敌对局面,建立了和平友好的关系。宣帝甘露四年(公元前50年)呼韩邪单于第二次朝汉,宣帝礼赐如初,赏赐更加丰厚。汉元帝即位之初,呼韩邪身边大臣劝单于北归龙庭。汉元帝永光元年(公元前43年),汉臣和呼韩邪单于、匈奴大臣俱登诺水东山,立下汉与匈奴世代友好的盟约,这就是历史上有名的“诺水之盟”。
汉元帝建昭三年(公元前36年 ),匈奴全部土地复归呼韩邪统治,呼韩邪深知自己实力衰弱,因此只有与汉和好才能确保安全。汉元帝竟宁元年(公元前33年)春正月,呼韩邪单于第三次入朝觐见。在朝见期间,“单于自言愿婿汉氏以自亲”。元帝遂以“后宫良家子王嫱字昭君赐单于”。就这样,昭君便随单于和亲出塞了。应当说,昭君出塞是当时两个民族要求和平友好的背景下产生的的一段佳话。
王昭君做出的历史贡献
现在还没有历史资料可以证明,当时王昭君是抱着为实现汉匈和好的愿望而出塞的,但是,史书也没有记载她有什么怨言,她和呼韩邪单于生了一个儿子伊屠智牙师。特别在呼韩邪死后,她忍受了汉族人不能接受的纲常伦理,按照匈奴习俗,做了株纍若鞮单于的阏氏,并且生两个女儿,由此可见,为了和平安宁,王昭君做出了很大牺牲,对巩固当时的和平局面起了一定的作用。
王昭君死后,一直到王莽执政期间,昭君的女儿、女婿、外孙继续为汉匈两族的和平友好而努力奔走。史载汉平帝时,王莽曾邀请王昭君的长女须卜居次云访问长安。王莽执政后,推行一种分化匈奴人的政策,使双方的关系非常紧张。到始建国三年(公元11年)以后,匈奴单于遂发兵进扰,王莽也准备以30万兵马进行反击。这时,昭君的长女云、女婿须卜当挺身而出,在二人的斡旋下,汉匈关系曾出现过一线光明。后来,汉朝封须卜当为后安公,其子须卜奢为后安侯。此后,为了再次争取汉匈关系的缓和,匈奴单于又派遣云、须卜当、须卜奢和王昭君次女的儿子醯椟王再度出使长安,王莽把他的庶女陆逮公主王捷嫁给了须卜奢。
从这段历史发展来看,汉匈双方都在利用王昭君的亲属,如女儿、女婿、外孙等充当政治交往的代表,可见昭君出塞在汉匈关系中的重要作用及其深远的影响。
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