森林大火能用水来灭吗?为什么消防员大多采取这种形式灭火?大神们帮帮忙
推荐回答(1个)
http://baike.baidu.com/view/2196186.htm?fr=aladdin#1
适用于弱度、中强度的地表火。包括:①扑打。用树枝、湿麻袋片或胶皮条绑在木棍上,沿火界边缘斜向火焰成45°角直接扑打灭火。扑打应一打一拖,直上直下,会助长火势。②复土。在枯枝落叶层厚、森林可燃物多而杂乱的火场,可用此法。 ③以水灭火。是最普通、方便、廉价、效果又好的灭火方法。水有很大的热容量,温度每升高1℃,1千克水可吸收约4190焦热量;在蒸发时可吸收约2220千焦的汽化热量,因此具有很强的冷却作用。当水受热汽化时,每升水能变为1500~1700升的水蒸气,又能稀释进入燃烧区空气中的氧气浓度。此外,用压力喷出的水柱还能冲击着火的枯枝落叶,使其与泥土混合,起到灭火作用。④化学灭火。短效化学灭火剂是在水中加入润湿剂如肥皂等,以降低水的表面张力,使之在可燃物表面迅速铺开,并渗入可燃物内部;或者加入增稠剂如膨润土、藻朊酸钠等,使可燃物表面粘附一层较厚的液层,以较长时间保持潮湿状态,当水分蒸发后便失去灭火能力。长效化学灭火剂是在水中加入耐火磷酸铵或硫酸铵等化学药剂,可延缓或扑灭有焰燃烧和无焰燃烧。当水分完全蒸发后,这些药剂仍然有效。⑤风力灭火。由发动机带动风机产生强大风力,起到降温和切断火源的作用而达到灭火目的,适用于低强度的沟塘火和地表火。
适用于高强度的地表火、树冠火和地下火。常用的有:①隔离带法。在火场前方或周围开设防火线、防火沟等,以阻截火的蔓延。防火隔离带的设置应尽量与天然和人工屏障相结合。②以火灭火法。有火烧法和迎面火法。火烧法即利用原有道路、河沟等自然屏障作为控制线,在控制线与火场之间点火,使火逆风烧向火场,两火相遇使火熄灭。但点火后必须将顺风烧向控制线的一侧火扑灭。此法一般在沟塘、缓坡、草厚的地区或风口处,当隔离带不能起到有效隔火作用,同时又不能对隔离带进行加宽时采用。迎面火法多在大火逼近或遇到猛烈树冠火,用人力难以扑灭、又不及开出防火隔离带的情况下采用。一般利用道路、河沟作为控制线,依靠有利的地形条件,在反气旋(产生逆风)形成后在火头前方点火。由于受反气旋作用,点燃的火就会被拉向火头方向迅速蔓延,两个火头相遇使火熄灭。点火的距离一般为火墙宽度(即火烽向前蔓延燃烧的宽度)的20倍左右。
适用于交通不便的偏远原始林区或次生林区。可由飞机在火场附近空降消防人员,迅速组织群众一起扑火,也可用直升飞机运送地面扑火人员到火场扑火,灭火后迅速返回基地。此外还可利用飞机喷洒灭火剂形成的隔离带能阻截沟塘火、灌木火和草原火。对小火或刚起不久的火灾,可直接喷洒灭火剂灭火。
在森林火灾危险季节,经常会出现降雨的天气条件,但因未能达到临界点而不能下雨。用飞机或火箭在云层中撒布少量促进冰晶作用的成核剂(如干冰、碘化银、硫化铜、尿素和四聚乙醛等),可促成降雨而灭火。
2扑救过程编辑
按火灾的不同威胁程度,将火场划分为非限制进展地带和限制进展地带。在火场边界外无天然或人工防火障碍物者为非限制进展地带,火在这里自由蔓延,宜将其确定为主攻灭火地带,控制其火势。限制进展地带是在火场边界外有天然或人工防火障碍物,火势不易扩大的区域,可在控制非限制进展地带的火势后消灭本地带的火。灭火时集中力量,首先截住火头,并组织一定人员扫清火星、火尾,扑灭不明显的小火,防止死灰复燃。
小火和刚发生的火,风小、逆风和风向转变时的火,空气湿度大、有小雨和有雾天气的火;以及下山火(坐火)、密林和水湿地带的火都较易扑灭;夜间风力小,温度低,湿度大,一般火势也弱。抓住这些有利时机,迅速扑救,能节省大量人力、物资,减少森林损失。
牺牲局部保存全局
在灭火人力、物力有限的情况下,为保存更多或价值较高的森林,可牺牲部分价值较低的次要林地。如在人工林、原始林、次生林、草原之间发生火灾时,可暂时放弃次生林、草地,集中力量保存人工林、原始林。在扑救一个火场时,先尽力扑灭火场的外围火,控制住后再扑救火场以内的火。
火灾扑灭后,如清理火场不彻底,树根、枯立木、病腐木、倒木和踏头等余火未灭,遇到大风就会复燃,造成新的火灾。因此对火场须彻底检查,肃清火源。火场清理后,经过一个中午的风吹日晒,不再冒烟,始能陆续撤离火场,但仍需留下部分人员看守,俟确认火场不会复燃后,才全部撤离。
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