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膈,为向上膨隆呈穹隆形的扁薄阔肌,位于胸腹腔之间,成为胸腔的底和腹腔的顶。\n 膈的肌束起自胸廓下口周缘和腰椎的前面,可分为三部:胸骨部起自剑突后面;肋部起自下6对肋骨和软肋骨;腰部以左右两个膈脚起自第2至3节腰椎(其前面即为混元神室位置)。各部肌束均止于中央的中心腱。所以,膈的外周部属肌性部,而中央部分是腱膜,膈上有三个裂孔:在第12胸椎前方,左右两个膈脚与脊柱之间的主动脉裂孔,主动脉和胸导管在此通过;主动脉裂孔的左前上方,约与第10胸椎水平,有食管裂孔,食管和迷走神经在此通过;在食管裂孔的右前上方的中心腱内有腔静脉孔,约与第9胸椎水平,内通过下腔静脉。 \n 在膈的起始处,胸骨部与肋部之间以及肋部与腰部之间,往往留有三角形的空隙,没有肌束,仅有一些疏松结缔组织和膈肌筋膜,成为膈的薄弱区,称为胸肋三角和腰肋三角。这些结构使胸腹腔内的混元气易于沟通混化。 \n 膈为主要的呼吸肌,收缩时,膈穹窿下降,胸腔容积扩大,以助吸气;松弛时膈穹窿上升恢复原位,胸腔容积减少,以助呼气。随着膈肌的上下往返运动,也促进了各部混元气之间的混化。膈肌下降时,心肺之气可随之下降至混元窍,甚至可降至命门,呼气时可引肾气上升,使心肺肾气相混化。另外还可使胸中之气(天之气)和腹中之气(地之气)相混化,使充溢在五脏周围的混元气连成一体,汇聚在混元窍,同时也驱动了脏真混元气与躯体混元气之间的混化与转化。 \n 从中...医学这个角度来看膈肌的作用与以上所述并无矛盾。中医学认为人在生理状态下,是以阴阳、水火、精血的动态平衡为其重要条件的。心位居于上,其性属阳,属火;肾位居下,其性属阴,属水。从阴阳水火的升降理论来说,位于下者,以上升为顺,位于上者,以下降为和。《素问·六微旨大论》中说的“升已而降,降者为天;降已而升,升者为地。天气下降,气流于地;地气上升,气腾于天”,即是从宇宙范围来说明阴阳水火的升降。在正常的生理状态中,随着人的呼吸运动,膈肌的一上一下,而心中之阳下降至肾,能温养肾阳;肾中之阴上长至心,则能滋养心阴。心火下降,肾水上升,彼此交通,相互协调,这种关系,称为“水火既济”、“心肾相交”。心或肾本身的阴阳失调可导致这种关系的破坏,从而出现相应的症状。若心火亢于上,不能下交于肾,或肾水不足,不能上滋心阴,那么心肾之间的生理功能就会失去协调,而出现一系列的病理表现,即称之为“心肾不交”。就会出现以失眠为主症的心悸、怔仲、心烦、腰膝酸软,或见男子梦遗,女子梦交等症,多属“心肾不交”
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