宏观经济学IS曲线问题,准备期末考了

2024-11-30 06:42:17
推荐回答(2个)
回答(1):

一下是个人的理解(我们才期末考试考完,希望对你有所帮助O(∩_∩)O):

1.在凯恩斯的宏观经济学中,利用了凯恩斯交叉线来推到出了IS曲线。推导过程首先由两个假定:(1)PE=C+I+G  (计划支出=消费+投资+政府购买, 这里显然是考虑封闭的经济环境,没有NX项),

(2)为了得出利率与收入之间的关系,收入受哪些因素影响,我们需要吧C, I, G中的自变量给表示出来,因此认为C=c(Y-T), I=I(r), G由政府决定为外生变量

有了这两个假设,就可以开始

(1)凯恩斯交叉:PE=C+I+G, 为了得出均衡收入(此时的自变量是Y, 因此认为I, G都为外生的),那么,实际的支出是Y,只有当实际与计划一致时才会得到均衡,由此得到凯恩斯交叉图

 

Y*就是均衡收入(而且还可以证明如果Y不等于Y*,则一定不均衡,否则假设Y>Y*那么计划的比实际的少,也就是需求比供给的少,那么货物一定买不完,会积压存货,使产出Y较少,向Y*靠拢;Y

利率提高是会是总收入减少的。但是对个人而言就不一定了。因为在微观经济学中,曾经讲到过,当利率提高时,个人的境况可能变好也可能变坏,这存在一种财富的转移与跨时期消费的问题(取决于初始禀赋)。IS曲线这一章都是探讨总需求总供给,是站在“总”的角度来考虑的。

(2)利率应是实际利率与投资额成负相关,这来自于凯恩斯的流动性偏好假说。在封闭的凯恩斯中投资是与储蓄相等的,而人们决定储蓄与否完全取决于实际利率,因为凯恩斯时代债券存银行是没有利息的,投资产品很少,只有债券才支付利息。因此如果放弃持有现金,必定要有好处,这个好处就是对持有现金的流动性的补偿,就是支付给你的利息,所以利息越高,人们越愿意把钱借出去,但是这种情况下,企业不愿意借钱(除非投资项目获利足够高,能够偿付利息),企业的借钱愿望就是投资需求,所以投资需求I是与(实际)利率r,成负相关。是利率决定投资,而不是投资决定利率。

(3)引入IS 曲线目的是为了得出利率与产出的关系。它对应的是总需求,而通过货币数量方差可以得出LM曲线,是总供给。总供给与总需求决定均衡产出Y。而且从IS 的推导可以看出其实IS曲线是产品市场的均衡(即每个利率都会有一定的均衡产出),LM曲线是货币市场的均衡,即

每个利率下供应的货币量的多少所产生的相应的产品量。只有当产品市场与货币市场都均衡了,才能够得出真正的均衡产出。

这里的直线只是一种代表方式,具体是什么形状的线只有通过实证才知道,不过只要相关性正确就行了

回答(2):

第二个问题和第一个问题其实是相关的... 传导关系是“利率-投资-产出-收入”

利率上升的时候,比方说如果原来的利率是3%,如果一项投资的回报有5%你就会投资了,但是现在利率是8%,那自然就不会投资这个项目了,一来投资成本太高收不回本,二来机会成本太高还不如存银行呢是吧...所以利率上升,投资减少...

投资和产出又成正向的关系,投资越多产出越多,所以利率和产出负相关...

产出和收入成正向关系,产出越多,需要的工人越多,工人的工资越高(前提不存在大量失业...),所以利率和收入也是负相关...

至于为什么要引入IS曲线...经济学家将宏观经济分成了三个市场,分别是商品市场,货币市场和汇率市场...IS曲线上的所有点都代表着商品市场的均衡...货币市场是LM曲线...汇率市场是FE曲线...然后分析怎么让它们交于一点,再分析怎么让它们的交点落在潜在产出上,最后分析怎么让潜在产出增长...这其实也就是宏观经济的四大目标的一个具体的分析方法...当然,这个目标的达成是非常非常理想化而且非常非常艰辛的...

期末考试加油~~

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