被动语态的用法（特殊）

被动语态的特殊用法:
Man:All the criminals got shot in the crossfire.
在交火时罪犯全部被击中.
主词+get+过去分词在多数情况下不接by+受词
Man:Serve them right!
报应!
Man:Your vice has to be paid for.
你们的罪行是要付出代价的.
带有不定词的被动结构.
Man:The man hasn't had his fingernails cut for ten years.
这个男人十年没剪指甲了.
have无被动语态,但可用于"主词+have(or get)+受词+过去分词"结构,表示受词被…,多用于叫人或雇人用某事.
Man:This has never been heard of before.
以前从未听说过这种事.
动词+介系词或动词+副词用于被动结构时,动词之后的介系词或副词不可拆开或丢掉.
Man:Your coffee smells great.
你的咖啡味道好极了.
联系动词如fell,prove,smell,sound,taste等,主词指事物时,用主动形式表被动意思.
Woman:Want to drink If only you can enter.
想喝吗 只要你能进去.
Woman:The key is in the room.
钥匙在屋子里面.
Woman:The door blew shut.
门是被吹得关上的.
可用于主词+动词+主词补语(形容词或过去分词)结构的不及物动词如blow,wear,用主动的形式表被动意义.
Woman:I have no key at hand.
我手头上没钥匙.
Woman:The door won't open.
这门打不开了.
不及物动词如lock,move,open,shut等,与can't,won't连用而主词又指物时,用主动形式表被动意义.
Man:I see. It is only a piece of cake.
明白了.这还不容易.
1.主词+get+过去分词在多数情况下不接by+受词.
2.主词+have(or get)+受词+过去分词表示被……,叫人或雇人作某事.
3.连系动词smell,sound,taste等,主词指事物时,用主动形式表被动意义.
被动语态的使用:
Jane:It's no fun standing here.What shall we do next Suggestions will be heartily appreciatec.
站在这儿真没意思.我们接下来做什么呢 诚恳欢迎的出建议.
为使语气委婉,有意不说出动作appreciate的发出者时用被动语态.
Jane:Tom,when were you born
汤姆,你是哪年出生的
Tom:I was born in 1979.
我出生于1979年.
不知道或不必指明动动作bear的发出者时用被动语态.
Peter:You are two years older than I am. You say first.
你比我大两岁,你先说.
Tom:Let's go to the observatory.
我们去天文馆吧.
Peter:What's for
为什么
Tom:To learn about the origin of the universe.
去了解宇宙的起源.
Peter:The origin of the universe will never be explained.
宇宙的起源大概永远不会有答案.
不知道或不必指明动动作explain的发出者时用被动语态.
Jane:Peter is right. The plan was canceled.
彼得说得有理.这个计划取消了.
要强调或突出动cancel的承受者时用被动语态.
Jane:Let's go to see a new movie.
我建议大家去看一部新电影.
Peter:What is the movie about
电影是有关什么方面的
Jane:It is about a king who loved his people and was loved by them.
是关于国王爱人民,也为人民所爱的.
为了修辞的需要,避免变换主词或过长的主词时用被动语态.
Peter:No,no big fun.
不好,没意思.
Jane:Peter,do you have any good suggestion
彼得,你有什么好建议吗
Peter:Yes, let's look at a picture together. The picture was drawn by my cousin.
有.咱们一起来看幅画吧.这幅画是我表哥画的.
was drawn为be+过去分词结构,是被动被语态句,表动作.
Jane:The picture is well drawn.
这幅画画得很好.
Is drawn 为联系动词+主词被语结构,表主词特征或状态.
被动语态用得不如主动语态多,但在某些情况下须要用或宜用被动语态.
1,不知道或不必指明动作的发出者时用被动语态.
2,要强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态.
3,为了使语气委婉,有意不说出动作的发出者地用被动语态.
4,为了修辞的需要,避免变换主词或过长的主词时用被动语态.
被动语态之时态:
被动语态的动词由"be动词接过去分词(be+p.p.)"构成.
过去分词之前的be动词的时态,即表示出被动语态的动词的时态.
1,现在式:主词+am(is,are)+过去分词+by+受词.
2,过去式:主词+was(were)+过去分词+by+受词.
3,未来式:主词+shall(will)+be+过去分词+by+受词.
4,现在进行式:主词+am(is, are)+being+过去分词+by +受词.
5,现在完成式:主词+have(has)+been+过去分词+by +受词.
Peter:I wasn't invited, I wish I didn't disturb you.过去式
我没有被邀请,希望没打搅你.
Jane:Absolutely not. Excuse the mess——the house is being painted.现在进行式
当然没有.对不起这里很乱,房子正在油漆.
Peter:What makes you paint the house
怎么想起刷房子来了
Jane:We are going to have a party here.
在我家将举行一个聚会.
Jane:Some old friends of mine will be inveted by me. 未来式
我将邀请几个老朋友.
Peter:This house must have a long history. So it is diffcult to paint.
这房子有一定年头了.刷起来很困难.
Jane:The house had been built by my grandfather by 1960.过去完成式
1960年我的祖父就已经建成房子了.
Peter:It is not an easy job.
是不太好做.
Jane:But everything will have been done by the end of the week.未来完成式
不过最晚到本周底,一切都会搞定的.
Peter:House painting is always done by me at home.现在式
在家的时候,房子总是我来刷.
Peter:I would like to help you if you need.
如果需要,我愿意帮助你.
Jane:Oh, great. Take this!
噢,太好了,拿着!
Jane:Ok,let's go. I'll treat you to dinner!
好了,走,我请你吃饭.
Peter:Oh,that is great!
噢,太好了!
Jane:Where is the door
门呢
Peter:Oh, it is terrible!
糟糕!
Jane:You have painted the door!
你把门也刷上漆了!
主语变被动语态:
主动语态变为被动语态,主词变为介系词by的受词,受词变为主词,人称代名词的格也要变化.
Peter, I heard you hit him.(主)
Peter, I heard he was hit by you.(被)
2,主动语态变为被动语态,句子的时态保持不变.
3,主动语态中如用people, somebody等作主词,被动语态中可省略受词.
Watermelons are eaten in the summer.(被)
Jane:Peter,I heard he was hit by you.――――peter, I heard you hit him.
彼得,我听说他被你打了.
主动语态变为被动语态,主词变为介系词by的受词,受词变为主词,人称代名词的格也要变化.
Peter:I should not be blamed (by you).--- You should not blame me.
你不该责怪我.
在第一个助动词后,主动语态变为被动语态,句子的时态保持不变.
Peter:Tom was hurt by himself.-----Tom hurt himself.
汤姆自己受的伤.
主动语态的形式为:主动语态的主词+be+过去分词.
Peter:Is this cake for Tom
这是给汤姆的蛋糕吗
Jane:Yes.是的
Peter:How big it is!可真够大的
Jane:What will you give to Tom 你送什么给汤姆
Peter:A toy will be given to Tom (by me).---- I will give Tom a toy.
Tom will be given a toy (by me).
我给汤姆一个玩具.
一些与格动词的被动语态能有两种形式.
Jane:Please open the door.--------Open the door please.(主动)
请开门.
祈使句的被动语态形式为:let+受词+be+过去分词.
Tom:Jane, come in!
珍,快进来.
Tom:A big cake is brought to me (by you).----You brought me a big cake.(主)
你带给我一个大蛋糕.
主动句中动词bring的直接受词a big cake作被动句中的主词.与格的动词如write,make,bring等的被动语态只能以直接受词作主词.
Jane:How do you know I bring a cake to you.
你怎么知道我给你带了一个蛋糕呢
Tom:You were heard to talk with Peter.----I heard you talk with Peter.(主)
在感官动词或使役动词后作补语的原形动词,在被动语态中用不定词.
Tom:Peter,show me that toy. I can't wait.
彼得,让我看看那个玩具.我等不及了.
主词变为介系词by的受词,受词变为主词,人称代名词的格也要变化.
主动语态:主词+动词+受词
被动语态:主词+be动词+原动词的过去分词+by+动作者
For exemple: You hit him.你打了他.(主动)
He was hit by you.他被你打了.(被动)

三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。
The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。
The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。
3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：
The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。
其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有
It is reported that…据报道
It is said that…据说
It is believed that…大家相信
It is suggested that…有人建议

四、主动语态变为被动语态

转换图示：

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
注意：
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.
他们昨天开会了。
（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：

（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去"by…"，但原主语被强调者除外。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。
The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。下列动词没有被动式：happen， cost，take，have
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.（ ）
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书畅销。

六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。

一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。
如：
He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）
The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明：

2、被动语态的句式变化：
以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：

3、含有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。
The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。
The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。
3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：
The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。
其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有
It is reported that…据报道
It is said that…据说
It is believed that…大家相信
It is suggested that…有人建议

四、主动语态变为被动语态

转换图示：

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
注意：
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.
他们昨天开会了。
（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：

（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去"by…"，但原主语被强调者除外。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。
The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。下列动词没有被动式：happen， cost，take，have
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.（ ）
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书畅销。

六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。