推荐回答(1个)
“千里之行,始于足下”,这是一句人人皆知的成语,出自春秋末老聃所著《老子》六十一章。一直沿用至今,用来比喻大的事情要从第一步做起,事情的成功都是由小到大逐渐积累的。人要走路,必须要穿鞋。鞋是人们为了保护脚部免受带棱带刺的硬物伤害、便于行走和御寒防冻而穿用的兼有装饰功能、卫生功能的足装,这是不言而喻的。鞋子虽然只占人们服饰的很小部分,而且处于不受人注目的“最下层”,但其作用非同小可。由此可见,鞋在人们的日常生活中是何等的重要!
一、鞋的历史源远流长
鞋起源于何时?又是由谁发明的呢?现在无从考证,但历史表明,我国不仅是服装文明古国,也是制造鞋的文明古国。大约在五千年前的旧石器时代,原始人在用骨针缝制兽皮衣服时,也缝制兽皮鞋子,用以护脚,追寻措物。鞋,是履、靴、鞋、屐的统称,古时称鞜(音榻)、靸(音洒)或履,也有称为履(屦)、屩、屐、鞮(音低)。履、屦为同一物,只是穿着时代的不同而有不同的称谓,汉前称屦,多为由麻、葛等制成的单底鞋,如春秋时代编撰的《诗•魏风•葛屦》载:“纠纠葛屦”。后汉称履,它是由麻、丝制成的鞋。屩系草鞋。据东汉刘熙所撰《释名·释衣服》记载:“屩,草履也……出行著之,屩屩轻便,因以为名也。”屐也是鞋子的一种,通常指木底,或有齿,或无齿;也有草制或帛制的。《释名•释衣服》载:“帛屐,以帛作之,如屩之。不曰帛屩者,屩不可践泥也,屐可以践泥也。此亦可以步泥而滚之,故谓之屐也。”另据《宋书·谢灵运传》载:“灵运常著木屐,上山则去前齿,下山则去后齿。”古代的“鞮”是指用兽皮做的鞋,高筒称靴。“靴”是指高到踝骨以上的长筒靴,它是随胡服的传入才逐渐普及的,在汉代后才大量出现,到了唐朝才普及。《晋书•刘兆传》:“尝有人著靴骑驴,至兆门外。”靴的特点是保温性强,在泥土、沼泽中行走,便于骑马等。“鞜”也是指用兽皮做的鞋。据《汉书·扬雄传下》载:“躬服节俭,绨衣不敝,革鞜不穿。”“靸”则是指拖鞋。《急就篇》卷二载:“靸革是昂角褐袜巾。”颜师古注:“靸谓韦履,头深而兑,平底者也。今俗呼谓之跣之。”亦名靸鞋。三代皆以皮为之,始皇二年改用蒲制,从晋到唐多甩草制,梁武帝时曾用丝制。据陶宗仪所撰《辍耕录》卷十八“靸鞋”载:“西浙之人,以草为履而无跟,名曰靸鞋。”此时已提出拖鞋也是鞋的一种。据考证,早在四千年前的夏朝,人们已开始穿草鞋。在三千年前的《周易》中已有“履”字记载,并明确履就是鞋。东晋时,著名诗人谢灵运发明了“谢公屐”,屐底有齿,上山时用前齿,下山时用后齿,是理想的登山鞋。为此,唐朝大诗人李白在《梦游天姥吟留别》中写下了“脚着谢公屐,身登青云梯。半壁见海日,空中闻天鸡。”的著名诗句,生动地描绘了诗人登临高耸人云的天姥山,尽情享受“神仙世界”绮丽的乐趣。
南北朝时期,传说有一女子做布鞋,内里用香垫子,鞋底用麻绳纳成莲花图案。这种鞋踏在泥土上会留下美丽的莲花图案,时人称这种鞋为“步步生莲鞋”。在唐代还有人发明了适宜步行的远游鞋。据说,大诗人李白很爱穿这种鞋,尔后,许多文人墨客争相效仿,它的出现要比现在风靡全球的旅游鞋早一千多年。据传说,在古代的齐鲁大地,还流行一种面上用牛皮包的鞋,名日“踢死牛”,可与现代的优良足球鞋相媲美。
至于屐,一般采用木制。相传在春秋战国时期,晋文公流亡国外19年,即君位后封赏随从。其中有一个名叫介子推的臣子,他不愿接受晋文公的封赏,于是隐居深山,敦请不仕。晋文公一怒之下,以焚山相胁,而介子推抱树焚死。事后,晋文公甚为哀惜,便以此树制成木屐以作纪念,于是木屐在民间广为流传。据考证,古代百姓穿木屐,一是为了凉爽,行走硬朗;二是为了防湿,尤其是潮湿阴雨的南方,常把木屐作为雨鞋穿用。在明末清初,仕女和小孩多穿红色木屐,而男子则穿黑色木屐,成为日常生活中的便鞋。即使是姑娘出嫁,也要漆画彩屐作为妆奁。
在古代,鞋、靴、屐是分得很清楚的,特别是什么场合穿靴,什么场合穿鞋或屐,都有严格的规定。在我国历史上,有关鞋的传说很多,如“郑人买履”(《韩非子·外储说左上》:“郑人有且置履者,先自度其足而至其坐,至三市而忘操之,已得履,乃日:‘吾忘持度。’反归取之,及返,市罢,遂不得履。人曰:‘何不试之以足?’曰:‘宁信度,无自信也。”)、“削足适履”(《准南子·说林训》:“夫所以养而害所养,譬扰削足而适履,杀头而便冠。”),“寇准背靴”以及“穿小鞋”等等,都是家喻户晓的典故和传说。这些富有哲理的典故和传说给人们带来许多启迪和警示。由此可见,鞋不仅是人类征途上的助跑物,而且也是人类智慧的结晶。(
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