乾隆时期的青花瓷有什么特点

2025-03-23 19:11:01
推荐回答(2个)
回答(1):

清代乾隆年间景德镇官窑瓷器款识。乾隆朝历时达60年之久,烧造量大,写款者几经易手,所以,乾隆官窑器的款式变化较多。楷书与篆书也同时并用,以篆书款为主,有的作六字三行横排,布局与雍正官窑相同;有的作六字双行竖写,字体介于楷书与隶书之间。 乾隆一朝六十年,是清代封建社会发展的鼎盛时期,瓷器生产取得了空前的繁荣,青花瓷也达到了登峰造极的程度。此时,景德镇御窑厂规模庞大,在督陶官的管理下,每年烧造各种瓷器都在数十万以上,烧出的瓷器无论是工艺技巧还是装饰艺术都已达到了炉火纯青的地步。乾隆官窑青花瓷既与清幽的康熙青花有别,又与淡雅的雍正青花不同,它是以纹饰繁密、染画工整、造型新奇取胜。民窑青花种类丰富,色彩亮丽,画面多样,造型新奇。除传统的白地青花外,乾隆朝的青花还是派生出许多新品种,把原有的传统工艺提高到一个崭新的阶段。
乾隆早期篆书款,多作四字两行或六字三行排列,运笔转折处圆滑,“制”字左上部分写法如第9款图。还有一种“乾”字左边上部的“十”字写成“山”字形,中间的“日”字写成“由”字,这种少见的乾隆官窑款写法属于乾隆初期唐英任督窑官时使用的字体。中晚期流行的格式,大都作六字三行排列,多数不加圈框,篆书款的字体工整。 乾隆官窑款总的特征是:大字上方一点居中且很小,四竖基本平行,最后一笔稍有弧度;“清”字左边三点水写成“米”字形;右下边的“月”字多为长四框,中间加一小竖;“乾”字下部为硬直的“S”形,“S”上部开口多向右;“隆”字的右下部左右对称;“年”字的顶上方通常有一小缺口;“衣”字常见有三种写法. 乾隆官窑款以青花款为主,色调深沉,也有抹红和珐琅料,还有金彩、红彩、蓝料彩与刻款等。总之,乾隆青花款大都字体工整,青花深沉,个别有字体偏斜草率、连笔书写和青花深浅不一的极少现象。

回答(2):

乾隆官窑青花瓷既与清幽的康熙青花有别,又与淡雅的雍正青花不同,它是以纹饰繁密、染画工整、造型新奇取胜。民窑青花种类丰富,色彩亮丽,画面多样,造型新奇。乾隆青花官窑和民窑中高档瓷器的胎土淘洗精细,在中小器物的胎骨中找不到未粉碎的瓷石颗粒,胎骨洁白致密。乾隆青花在清代素以“稳定、浑厚、沉着”而著称,使用国产青料绘制
在造型上,乾隆官窑造型规范,制作精细,整器线条古拙,无柔和感,大件器物不变形,厚薄均匀,工整;胎制较粗,做工精致;底足打磨后呈泥鳅背状,手感滑润;器形无所不包,大到桌子,小到掌中玩物小鸟食灌应有尽有,多仿明宣德,且不留款,如果见到一件无款宣德青花瓷器,很有可能为乾隆时所仿制;清代青花瓷造型因循守旧,如盘、碗、樽等许多器物,从康熙到宣统,款式、尺寸都从未改变过;乾隆青花瓷也是这样,《钦定皇朝礼器图式》“盛大花瓷碗,口径一尺一寸七,高五寸三分……”凡是不符合钦定尺寸的青花瓷,就要考虑是否伪器,鉴定时应特别注意。
在青料上,乾隆官窑用浙料,呈纯正蓝色,发色鲜翠,分不清浓淡层次,多仿宣德,人为的在青花中点染铁锈状黑斑,与宣德青花中的铁锈斑相比显得浮躁,成色不稳定,且有晕散现象;釉底带有气泡,釉色白中泛青,所有器物施满釉;亦有部分仿成化,呈青色,发色淡雅平和;少量仿嘉靖,呈蓝紫色,发色鲜丽纯真;乾隆青花瓷以品种取胜,可谓百花齐放,其种类大致有青花矾红彩、外豆青里青花、外酱色釉里青花、哥釉青花、豆青釉青花;青花斗彩玲珑瓷、黄地青花、黄地青花加胭脂红、淡描青花填绿彩为乾隆首创。
在纹饰上,乾隆官窑仍有明代遗风,内容繁杂,勾染并用,线条挺直,生硬,画笔工整;纹样守旧,拘谨,呆板,缺乏生气;在器物上画的很满,部分仿成化,布局疏朗;其纹饰内容主要有缠枝、折枝水果,云龙纹,山水,人物,花卉以及各类吉祥图案,如三星图、百子图、荣升、福寿、百福、麒麟送子等;另外,乾隆喜欢将自己的诗词烧制于青花瓷上,为乾隆青花瓷在纹饰上的重要特征。
在落款上,乾隆多伪托款,亦有少量仿成化、正德、嘉靖,所仿明款得心应手,真伪难辨,但与明款相比显得软弱无力,拘谨,不及明款豪放,多用铁线篆写成,字迹工整纤细,娟秀无力,为馆阁体;帝王年号款较少,为“大清乾隆制”,书款规范,极少草篆

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