玛雅建筑的特点

找到了下面几个资料：

1 玛雅建筑风格不同于希腊、罗马和哥特式建筑，它虽然具有地域特色，但基本上风格统一。有迹象表明，玛雅居住的屋顶两面有坡度的尖顶茅草小屋是石拱门建筑的原型，这一理论并非不切实际，普通人居住的茅草小屋经历2000多年的洗礼，仍然保持不变，这种茅草屋是长方形，圆角形状，22英尺长、12英尺宽，墙壁是由树枝和泥或是未打磨的石块制成，高度不超过7英尺。在此基础上，一个撑杆结构挑高12或15英尺，以支撑两面坡度的尖顶茅草小屋。
???? 在后古典主义时期的墙面和壁画的描述中可以看到关于这种小屋的描述，在乌瓦夏克吞的一个宫殿的早期的水平标准上发现了这种小屋的地基，从内部看这种茅草小屋与石头建筑是如此地相像，以至于通过茅草屋顶内部的坡度我们可以看出石臂拱顶的最初构思的出处。
???? 石匠的原材料是十分丰富的，这有许多容易加工的建筑材料，当地的石灰石也可以用来制造石灰，还有许多用来做灰泥的沙砾的沉积岩。考虑到古代玛雅人高度的智慧和强烈的宗教热情，毫无疑问他们将要建造一个伟大的宗教建筑，除去他们本身经济的直接需要外，没有任何一种活动可以消耗他们如此大的精力和时间。
???? 玛雅最古老的建筑实例
???? 可以推断在乌瓦夏克吞早期的形成时期是没有石头建筑的。但在形成期的后期，出现了矮石墙。令人不得不产生这样的疑问即石头建筑是否这时就已经建造了，伴随着查卡尼尔陶器出土的墙壁可能是一个低台护墙的残留，这个护墙是为了支撑易腐烂的上层建筑。在这一时期末尾，我们发现了第一个大型石块建筑，那是一个支撑着用树枝和茅草构成的神庙的金字塔。
???? 已知的最早的玛雅石块建筑的事例，是一个在乌瓦夏克吞用灰泥涂抹覆盖的金字塔E－VII－Sub。它保存的非常之好，当它建成不久，它就被一个粗石和灰泥建造的金字塔所覆盖E－VII，这个金字塔是为了保护和保存它的，后者建筑的表面，也装饰上了大量的灰泥的掩盖物，后者金字塔的顶端非常小，以至于很明显的不能建造任何的石头建筑。同样的，前者的顶端也不可能支撑任何石头建筑。在金字塔下面的灰泥地面上发现了四个柱孔，很显然这四个柱孔是用来支撑干草和树枝结构的角柱的。这个被灰泥覆盖的金字塔，每一周都有一个阶梯，装饰有16个矩形的灰泥的装饰物或者是面具，这是早期玛雅建筑的一个奇迹，虽然是用泥石制成的，而且只有一个建筑基础，但它应可以被看作是第一个石头建筑。
???? 有托臂的石拱顶
???? 在介绍了乌瓦夏克吞的8．14．0．0．0（公元317年）时期的石碑细节和陶器的介绍中，我们发现了最早期的玛雅的石拱顶，可能在8．12．0．0．0（公元278年）时候，第一个石拱顶就开始建造了，最早的石拱顶的石壁十分的粗糙，它们有粗糙未经切割的平石，放置在厚厚的灰泥和碎石床上制成，在拱的底端或斜坡的下部，经常涂有一层厚厚的粗灰泥。
???? 在石拱顶进入乌瓦夏克吞时，石拱顶的利用似乎开始广泛地传播起来，在9．0．0．0．0（公元435年）它传入了最东南部的科潘。在9．2．0．0．0，它传入了西北部的尤卡坦的奥克斯肯特，在9．6．10．0．0（公元564年）它传入了东北部尤卡坦的图隆，在9．10．0．0或者可能在更早的时间传入了乌苏马辛塔河流域。
???? 在古典时期的末期即10．3．0．0．0（公元889年），石拱顶在玛雅地区几乎无所不在，但它的使用仅仅局限在这一地区，在相毗邻的其他地区没发现它的应用，它的最西方可以延伸到塔巴斯科州的科马卡尔科，最东南方可以延伸到帕帕尔和阿苏米塔，在东南部的危地马拉，除了在一些少数的坟墓的屋顶上，在危地马拉高地几乎没有发现石拱顶的使用，可能是由于这里比较频繁的地震活动，它的广泛应用受到阻止。
???? 石灰水泥和横梁屋顶
???? 除了托臂的石拱顶以外，在玛雅的建筑上也经常发现使用平顶的石灰浇铸的柱梁顶。在古典时期，它们在皮德拉斯·尼格拉斯、乌瓦夏克吞和提兹明卡克斯被发现。在后古典主义时期，它们在奇芩伊策萨和相对来说比较晚的一些地方，沿着尤卡坦的东部如图隆和恰克姆的地区被发现。石灰浇铸的屋顶建造在交叉的横梁上，梁和梁之间的空档被临时的一些枝条架构所充满，在这一架构上，灰泥灌注的一些屋顶材料，将达到一英尺左右的厚度，当它最终变硬时候，枝条架构就可以撤走。这种盖屋顶的方法，在尤卡坦至今十分普遍，但是这种屋顶的残余，在发掘时十分难以分辨，因为它已经分解成小石块和一些石灰粉的碎屑，然而在大多数在发掘的灰石建筑中，没有发现石拱顶的例证，因此可以推断出这一结构是用灰泥浇铸和横梁的屋顶。

2 古代玛雅礼仪区域的建筑风格各异，在形式和功能相似的前提下，受一系列地区传统的广
泛影响，不同遗址的建筑物和布局设置各有特点。

在整个建筑群中，礼仪中心的整体规划最为重要。主要的礼仪中心具有地区性首府的职能-
-从政治、宗教和经济上控制着诸臣属王国，因此其中必然存在管理性质的建筑。如在许多
遗址中，就有公共建筑和私人住宅之分，但公共建筑围绕的广场与私人住宅围绕的广场之
间，又存在着明显的差别。神庙、宫殿、球场、蒸汽浴室以及其他建筑，都有地域差别，
建筑传统也具时代特征。

各种地区性建筑风格存在的共性，是通过对某些建筑的特征加以不同程度的强调而表现出
来的。无论具有何种功用，几乎所有玛雅建筑物都建造在下层结构之上，这种下层结构有
单层台基（其上建造房屋）、有起伏不平的地面加以整修的大型平台（其上建造宫殿群落
）、还有塔形的金字塔（其上建造神庙）。除了某些低矮的房屋平台以外，其他建筑都需
要通往上层结构的设施，这种设施一般是一条单级或多级的中轴梯道，梯道本身也是建筑
的主体结构。

在公共建筑中最常见的顶部形式是石拱结构的--石块逐级内收到最顶端形成一道狭窄缺口
，在缺口上横盖一块拱顶石。石块朝向的室内一侧通常加工成斜面，所以拱顶结构的内面
形成整齐光滑的斜坡。玛雅人的这种拱顶结构与旧大陆上的压力拱顶最为接近，自前古典
期晚段已经开始使用，随着实践经验和信心的增加，墙体逐渐增高，拱部跨度逐渐加大。

玛雅的城市在建设之初，就有一个经过规划的整体布局。城市按已形成的中心广场或中心
部位而展开，长期围绕这个中心反复增修扩建，每次增修扩建均按计划进行。同时还注意
按一定的历法要求来安排各种建筑物以及它们之间互相联系的方位、角度……使建筑群在
一定程度上起着天文观测仪器的作用。如帕伦克王宫望楼顶层在冬至日就正好看到太阳落
在巴卡尔的陵墓上。

这种建筑学与天文学的结合，建筑布局与天文观测的统一，在古代建筑中是不多见的。从
这些迹象看，建筑布局的事先规划与严密设计在玛雅已很普遍，它成为玛雅建筑立足于古
代建筑之林的一个值得骄傲的成就。

3 玛雅人也是能工巧匠。他们能用黑曜石加工出燧石工具。燧石工具能凿开坚硬的岩石和雕刻玉石。玛雅人凭借这种工具建筑了大量城市，前后共建成的大小城市有100余个。著名的有蒂卡尔、瓦萨克通（在今危地马拉境内），科潘（在今洪多拉斯境内），帕伦克（在今墨西哥恰帕斯州境内），等等。

在犹卡坦半岛，玛雅人建造了乌斯马尔和奇琴·伊察城中由“总督府”、“修女宫”、“勇士庙”、“虎庙”及金字塔等组成的一个规模庞大的建筑群。它们不但造型美观、气势雄伟，建筑物的外墙、门框、石楣上都布满了精雕细凿的羽蛇浮雕。

今天在犹卡坦或危地马拉的热带丛林里残存的玛雅遗址中，我们可以看到在那些断垣残壁上鲜艳的色彩和美丽的图案。雕工之精细、形象之华美和匀称，叫人惊叹不已。

4 金字塔

玛雅的金字塔与埃及金字塔不同。首先，形状不同，玛雅的金字塔99％是四方阶梯型，顶部为平台，有的平台上还建有庙宇；而埃及的金字塔为尖顶的方锥形。其次，埃及金字塔全部是法老的坟墓，而玛雅的金字塔主要是举行祭祀的场所，当然也已发现了作统治者坟墓的金字塔（如帕伦克金字塔）。再次，体积不同，美洲金字塔的大小不一，悬殊很大，大的高几十米，方圆数百米，但小的只有一二层楼那么高；而埃及金字塔都是很高很大的庞然大物（最矮的也高达几十米）。

呃。。维基百科的，关于这个只有英文的，不好意思阿。。

Urban design

As Maya cities spread throughout the varied geography of Mesoamerica, the extent of site planning appears to have been minimal; their cities having been built somewhat haphazardly as dictated by the topography of each independent location, Maya architecture tends to integrate a great degree of natural features. For instance, some cities existing on the flat limestone plains of the northern Yucatan grew into great sprawling municipalities, while others built in the hills of Usumacinta utilized the natural loft of the topography to raise their towers and temples to impressive heights. However, some semblance of order, as required by any large city, still prevailed.

At the onset of large-scale construction, a predetermined axis was typically established in congruence with the cardinal directions. Depending upon the location and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or cenotes, the city grew by connecting great plazas with the numerous platforms that created the sub-structure for nearly all Maya buildings, by means of sacbeob causeways. As more structures were added and existing structures re-built or remodeled, the great Maya cities seemed to take on an almost random identity that contrasts sharply with other great Mesoamerican cities such as Teotihuacan and its rigid grid-like construction.

At the heart of the Maya city existed the large plazas surrounded by their most valued governmental and religious buildings such as the royal acropolis, great pyramid temples and occasionally ballcourts. Though city layouts evolved as nature dictated, careful attention was placed on the directional orientation of temples and observatories so that they were constructed in accordance with Maya interpretation of the orbits of the stars. Immediately outside of this ritual center were the structures of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines: the less sacred and less important structures had a greater degree of privacy. Outside of the constantly evolving urban core were the less permanent and more modest homes of the common people.

Classic Era Maya urban design could easily be described as the division of space by great monuments and causeways. In this case, the open public plazas were the gathering places for the people and the focus of the urban design, while interior space was entirely secondary. Only in the Late Post-Classic era did the great Maya cities develop into more fortress-like defensive structures that lacked, for the most part, the large and numerous plazas of the Classic.

[edit] Building materials

A surprising aspect of the great Maya structures is their lack of many advanced technologies that would seem to be necessary for such constructions. Lacking metal tools, pulleys and maybe even the wheel, Maya architecture required one thing in abundance: manpower. Yet, beyond this enormous requirement, the remaining materials seem to have been readily available. All stone for Maya structures appears to have been taken from local quarries. They most often utilized limestone, which remained pliable enough to be worked with stone tools while being quarried, and only hardened once removed from its bed. In addition to the structural use of limestone, much of their mortar consisted of crushed, burnt, and mixed limestone that mimicked the properties of cement and was used just as widely for stucco finishing as it was for mortar. However, later improvements in quarrying techniques reduced the necessity for this limestone-stucco as their stones began to fit quite perfectly, yet it remained a crucial element in some post and lintel roofs. In the case of the common homes, wooden poles, adobe, and thatch were the primary materials; however, instances of what appear to be common houses of limestone have been discovered as well. It should be noted that one instance, in the city of Comalcalco, fired-clay bricks have been found as a substitute to stone because of a lack of substantial stone deposits. The cement was made by limestone that was in the stove for 10-50 minutes.

[edit] Building process

All evidence seems to suggest that most stone buildings existed on top of a platform sub-structure that varied in height from less than a meter, in the case of terraces and smaller structures, to 45 meters in the case of great temples and pyramids. A flight of often steep stone steps split the large stepped platforms on at least one side, contributing to the common bi-symmetrical appearance of Maya architecture. Depending on the prevalent stylistic tendencies of an area, these platforms most often were built of a cut and stucco stone exterior filled with densely packed gravel. As is the case with many other Maya relief, those on the platforms often were related to the intended purpose of the residing structure. Thus, as the sub-structural platforms were completed, the grand residences and temples of the Maya were constructed on the solid foundations of the platforms. As all structures were built, little attention seems to have been given to their utilitarian functionality and much to their external aesthetics; however, a certain repeated aspect, the corbeled arch, was often utilized to mimic the appearance and feel of the simple Maya hut. Though not an effective tool to increase interior space, as it required thick stone walls to support the high ceiling, some temples utilized repeated arches, or a corbeled vault, to construct what the Maya referred to as pibnal, or sweatbath, such as those in the Temple of the Cross at Palenque. As structures were completed, typically extensive relief work was added ... often simply to the covering of stucco used to smooth any imperfections; however, many lintel carvings have been discovered, as well as actual stone carvings used as a facade. Commonly, these would continue uninterrupted around an entire structure and contain a variety of artwork pertaining to the inhabitants or purpose of a building. Though not the case in all Maya locations, broad use of painted stucco has been discovered as well.

It has been suggested that, in conjunction to the Maya Long Count Calendar, every fifty-two years, or cycle, temples and pyramids were remodeled and rebuilt. It appears now that the rebuilding process was often instigated by a new ruler or for political matters, as opposed to matching the calendar cycle. However, the process of rebuilding on top of old structures is indeed a common one. Most notably, the North Acropolis at Tikal seems to be the sum total of 1,500 years of architectural modifications.

[edit] Notable constructions

[edit] Ceremonial platforms

These were commonly limestone platforms of typically less than four meters in height where public ceremonies and religious rites were performed. Constructed in the fashion of a typical foundation platform, these were often accented by carved figures, altars and perhaps tzompantli, a stake used to display the heads of victims or defeated Mesoamerican ballgame opponents.

[edit] Palaces

Large and often highly decorated, the palaces usually sat close to the center of a city and housed the population's elite. Any exceedingly large royal palace, or one consisting of many chambers on different levels might be referred to as an acropolis. However, often these were one-story and consisted of many small chambers and typically at least one interior courtyard; these structures appear to take into account the needed functionality required of a residence, as well as the decoration required for their inhabitants stature. Archaeologists seem to agree that many palaces are home to various tombs. At Copán, beneath over four-hundred years of later remodeling, a tomb for one of the ancient rulers has been discovered and the North Acropolis at Tikal appears to have been the site of numerous burials during the Terminal Pre-classic and Early Classic periods.

[edit] E-groups

"E-group" is a classification given by Mayanists to certain structure complexes present at quite a number of Maya sites located in the central and southern Maya lowlands (e.g., the Petén region). Complexes of this type consist of a stepped pyramid main structure, which appears without fail on the western side of a quadrilateral plaza or platform. A raised but rather elongated structure appears along the eastern side of the plaza, running north-south; a variation has three smaller temple mounds on top of or replacing this platform, the middle of these substructures placed directly opposite the main structure. Often, two other subsidiary structures appear on the north and south sides of the plaza, respectively. The main western structure is typically terraced (i.e. has several levels), with inset stairways on each of its four sides, with only the eastern stairway (i.e. the one leading from the plaza) providing access to the summit. The stairways have large balustrades which protrude from the pyramid, which were decorated with large stucco masks and panels of architectural art. In other examples (believed to be of a later date) this quadripartite stairway configuration is lacking.

It has been theorized that these E-groups are observatories due to the precise positioning of the sun through the small temples when viewed from the pyramid during the solstices and equinoxes. Other ideas seem to stem from the possible creation story told by the relief and artwork that adorns these structures.

E-group complexes are named after their prototypical example, Structure E-VII-sub at the site of Uaxactun. They were first identified as a meaningful complex by archaeologist Frans Blom in 1924, who excavated the site under the auspices of the Carnegie Institute.

[edit] Pyramids and temples
Maya pyramid at Tikal with prominent roof comb
Maya pyramid at Tikal with prominent roof comb

Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering Maya pyramids, presumably as the closest place to the heavens. While recent discoveries point toward the extensive use of pyramids as tombs, the temples themselves seem to rarely, if ever, contain burials. Residing atop the pyramids, some of over two-hundred feet, such as that at El Mirador, the temples were impressive and decorated structures themselves. Commonly topped with a roof comb, or superficial grandiose wall, these temples might have served as a type of propaganda. As occasionally the only structure to exceed the height of the jungle, the roof combs atop the temples were often carved with representations of rulers that could be seen from vast distances. Beneath the proud temples sat the pyramids that were, ultimately, a series of platforms split by steep stairs that would allow access to the temple.

[edit] Observatories

The Maya were keen astronomers and had mapped out the phases of celestial objects, especially the Moon and Venus. Many temples have doorways and other features aligning to celestial events. Round temples, often dedicated to Kukulcan, are perhaps those most often described as "observatories" by modern ruin tour-guides, but there is no evidence that they were so used exclusively, and temple pyramids of other shapes may well have been used for observation as well.

[edit] Ballcourts
The largest of all ballcourts, the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza.
The largest of all ballcourts, the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza.

Main article: Mesoamerican ballcourt

As an integral aspect of the Mesoamerican lifestyle, the courts for their ritual ballgame were constructed throughout the Maya realm, usually in the E-group, and often on a grand scale. The playing alleys of ballcourts were defined by two long, usually sloping, walls. Frequently, the ends were enclosed so as to create an -shaped court when viewed from above.