上方山国家森林公园的地理环境

2025-02-26 21:03:29
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

上方山是华北地区保存完好唯一的一片原始次生林,有着适于林木生长的良好的生态环境。森林植被主要有侧柏林、辽东栎林、低山沟谷杂木林等主要类型。其植物种类以侧柏、油松、栎树为主混交生长,其植被有645种,103科,363属。
侧柏林
侧柏林为天然次生林,也有人工林。由于生境严酷,侧柏林的生长缓慢,林冠稀疏,经常构成疏林,侧柏占绝对优势,很少伴生其他树种,高度一般在5米以下。林下灌木比较发达,以荆条为优势种,其他灌木还有山杏、小叶鼠李、蚂蚱腿子、绒毛绣线菊、三桠绣线菊、雀儿舌头、薄皮木、本氏木兰等。草本层比较稀疏,以矮丛苔草、隐子草、白羊草、远志分布较普遍。
辽东栎林
辽东栎林是北京山区落叶阔叶林的典型代表类型之一。乔木层的郁闭度在0.5—0.8,建群种为辽东栎,树高一般在5—8米,树龄多在30年以上。林内常见的伴生乔木有蒙古栎、色木槭、大叶白腊、椴树、山杨、白桦、棘皮桦等。灌木层的总盖度约40%,在林冠较稀疏的林下灌木层盖度可达60%。主要种类有二色胡枝子、六道木、 三桠绣线菊、大花溲疏、兰荆子、照山白,平榛、毛榛等。它们常因生境的不同而分别成为灌木层的优势种。如三桠绣线菊适应性较强,在低山阴坡和中山阳坡土层较薄的辽东栎林下常成为优势种。在海拔800米以上土层较厚的阴坡,二色胡枝子在灌木层中占优势。在海拔较高处的阳坡,平榛、毛榛、六道木等常占优势。草本层的盖度约30—40%,主要种类有矮丛苔草、华北风毛菊、 地榆、唐松草、北柴胡、苍术、歪头菜等。其中矮丛苔草为优势种,在海拔较高而阴湿的林下华北风毛菊宽叶苔草等增多。
低山沟谷杂木林
上方山由于沟谷里水分条件较好,土层深厚,有机质含量较高,排水良好,生境比较湿润,故植物生长繁茂,形成多种中生乔木占优势的杂木林。主要树种有青檀、山胡桃、大叶白腊、蒙桑接骨木、朴树等。此外,还有一定数量的亚热带树种如黄连木、漆树、盐肤木、省沽油等北京地区特有的树种。
古树名木
上方山有一级名木古树51株,其中千年古树10余株,柏树王、松树王、银杏王、槐树王合称“千年古树四大树王”,树龄都在500年以上,其中四大树王之一柏树王为全山之冠,径粗达到1.53米,高24米,树龄有1500多年,号称北京郊区最粗大的一株大柏树。菩提树、蜡梅更是不可多得。二级古树有4000余株,上方山名木古树品种多,数量大,是北京地区最大的名木古树群。
药用植物
其药用植物就有300多种,其中为代表的“香椿、黄精、拐枣”被称为“上方三宝”,享誉京城。 上方山主要旅游路线14华里,分东西两路上下山2001年10月正式开通东西两路客运索道,两路长947米,东路长246米,为游客上山难提供了代步工具,省时、省力也为景区增加了一道风景线。
地址:房山区韩村河镇圣水峪村
乘车:天桥乘917路公共汽车至良乡或房山下车换乘小15路中巴车(长阳--上方山)直达,917快五侯路口换乘房15路。
自驾:由京石高速琉璃河出口一直向西直行20公里或京石高速房山出口经房山-周口店-韩村河路口向西12公里。

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