什么是范数?向量的范数公式是什么?

2025-03-24 19:37:48
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

向量范数

定义1. 设 ,满足

1. 正定性:║x║≥0,║x║=0 iff x=0

2. 齐次性:║cx║=│c│║x║,

3. 三角不等式:║x+y║≤║x║+║y║

则称Cn中定义了向量范数,║x║为向量x的范数.

可见向量范数是向量的一种具有特殊性质的实值函数.

常用向量范数有,令x=( x1,x2,…,xn)T

1-范数:║x║1=│x1│+│x2│+…+│xn│

2-范数:║x║2=(│x1│2+│x2│2+…+│xn│2)^1/2

∞-范数:║x║∞=max(│x1│,│x2│,…,│xn│)

易得 ║x║∞≤║x║2≤║x║1≤n1/2║x║2≤n║x║∞

定理1.Cn中任意两种向量范数║x║α,║x║β是等价的,即有m,M>0使

m║x║α≤║x║β≤M║x║

可根据范数的连续性来证明它.由定理1可得

定理2.设{x(k)}是Cn中向量序列,x是Cn中向量,则

║x(k)-x║→0(k→∞) iff xj(k)-xj→0,j=1,2,…,n(k→
∞)

其中xj(k)是x(k)的第j个分量,xj是x的第j个分量.此时称{x(k)}收敛于x,记作x(k)
→x(k→∞),或 .

三、 矩阵范数

定义2. 设 ,满足

1. 正定性:║X║≥0,║X║=0 iff X=0

2. 齐次性:║cX║=│c│║X║,

3. 三角不等式:║X+Y║≤║X║+║Y║

4. 相容性: ║XY║≤║X║║Y║

则称Cn×n中定义了矩阵范数,║X║为矩阵X的范数.

注意, 矩阵X可视为n2维向量,故有前三条性质.因此定理1,2中向量的等价性和向量
序列收敛的概念与性质等也适合于矩阵.第四条,是考虑到矩阵乘法关系而设.更有矩
阵向量乘使我们定义矩阵范数向量范数的相容性:

║Ax║≤║A║║x║

所谓由向量范数诱导出的矩阵范数与该向量范数就是相容的.

定理3. 设A是n×n矩阵,║?║是n维向量范数则

║A║=max{║Ax║:║x║=1}= max{║Ax║/║x║: x≠0}

是一种矩阵范数,称为由该向量范数诱导出的矩阵范数或算子范数,它们具有相容性
或者说是相容的.

单位矩阵的算子范数为1

可以证明任一种矩阵范数总有与之相容的向量范数.例如定义:

║x║=║X║,X=(xx…x)

常用的三种向量范数诱导出的矩阵范数是

1-范数:║A║1= max{║Ax║1:║x║1=1}=

2-范数:║A║2=max{║Ax║2:║x║2=1}= ,λ1是AHA的
最大特征值.

∞-范数:║A║∞=max{║Ax║∞:║x║∞=1}=

此外还有Frobenius范数: .它与向量2-范数相容.但非向量范数诱导出的矩阵范数.

四、 矩阵谱半径

定义3.设A是n×n矩阵,λi是其特征值,i=1,2,…,n.称

为A的谱半径.

谱半径是矩阵的函数,但非矩阵范数.对任一矩阵范数有如下关系:

ρ(A)≤║A║

因为任一特征对λ,x,Ax=λx,令X=(xx…x),可得AX=λX.两边取范数,由矩阵范数的
相容性和齐次性就导出结果.

定理3.矩阵序列I,A,A2,…Ak,…收敛于零的充分必要条件是ρ(A)

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