推荐回答(1个)
广义的断层效应是指断层作用引起的各种现象;狭义的断层效应是指斜向断层和横向(倾向)断层引起标志层在地表错动现象。由于岩层与断层的复杂交切关系以及两盘错动引起的标志层在平面和剖面上的视错动,常常难以仅从标志层在地表出露的表象上确定断层两盘的相对滑动以及断层类型(性质)。如图6-31中背斜被一条左行平移断层切错,造成褶皱两翼A与B剖面处显示为正断层与逆断层的效应。下面将几种经典的断层切割地层或其他面(板)状地质体引起的效应加以叙述分析。
图6-31 左行平移断层切错褶皱两翼的断层效应块段图
一、倾向正断层引起的断层效应分析
当正断层的上盘顺断层倾斜滑动时,其下盘(上升盘)遭受侵蚀夷平后,则地表两盘岩层表现为水平错移,给人以右行平移断层的假象(图6-32)。它实际上是倾向正断层上升盘地层移动方向朝新地层一方移动所致,这一点在野外对我们判断倾向横(正)断层的产状是有很大帮助的。
图6-32 倾向正(逆)断层引起的断层效应示意图
二、倾向平移断层引起的断层效应分析
图6-33 倾向平移断层引起的断层效应示意图
倾向断层顺断层面走向滑动时,平面上表现为平错,剖面上顺岩层倾向滑动的断盘表现为上升盘(图6-33);对于这类现象分析,它究竟是正断层、逆断层抑或平移断层?在野外不能仅从平面或剖面上岩层的错移来判断断层类型(性质),要综合考虑多种因素,特别是角砾岩特征以及断层面上的擦痕、阶步、擦抹晶体等来确定断层类型(性质)。
三、斜滑移断层引起的断层效应分析
斜滑移断层是指平移正断层或正平移断层。当斜滑移断层的上盘在断层面上斜向滑动时可出现三种效应:
(1)当断层面的滑移线与岩层在断层面上的迹线平行时,无论总滑距如何,断层两盘地层在平面上和剖面上均无错开效应(图6-34)。
图6-34 倾向斜滑移断层引起的断层效应之一示意图
(2)当断层面的滑移线侧伏角大于断层面上岩层迹线侧伏角时,断层在平面上显示左行平移错开,在剖面上则表现为正断层效应(图6-35)。
图6-35 倾向斜滑移断层引起的断层效应之二示意图
(3)当断层面的滑移线侧伏角小于断层面上岩层迹线侧伏角时,断层在平面上显示左行平移错开,则在剖面上则表现为逆断层效应(图6-36)。
图6-36 倾向斜滑移断层引起的断层效应之三示意图
四、横断层错断褶皱引起的断层效应分析
褶皱被横断层切断后,在平面上一是会引起断层两盘中褶皱核(轴)部出露宽度发生变化,二是褶皱轴迹错移的效应。下面分析几种典型效应。
若横(平移)断层完全顺断层走向滑动,则褶皱核(轴)部在两盘的宽度相等,但褶皱核(轴)部错开(图6-37);这种横(平移)断层较少见。若横(正)断层上盘顺断层倾斜滑动,剥蚀后的两盘褶皱核(轴)部宽度不等,背斜上升盘核(轴)部变宽,向斜上升盘核部变窄(图6-38);若顺断层面斜向向下滑动(平移-正断层),则不仅褶皱核(轴)部宽度变化,而且核(轴)部也被错开(图6-39)。
图6-37 横断层顺断层面走向滑动的断层效应示意图
褶皱核(轴)部宽度没有变化
图6-38 横断层引起褶皱核(轴)部宽度变化示意图
前方断块为上盘;后方断块为下盘
图6-39 横断层顺断层面斜向向下滑动褶皱核(轴)部平面断层效应示意图
前方断块为上盘;后方断块为下盘
横断层切断直立褶皱,若断盘两盘中的褶皱轴迹仍然连为一线时,则说明断层没有平移滑动(图6-40);反之,则表明断层有平移性质。若褶皱是斜歪或倒转的褶皱被横断层切断,其上升盘被夷平后,在平面上将表现出轴迹的错移。上升盘中的轴迹向轴面倾斜的方向移位(图6-38),而轴迹在断两盘中的错开距离取决于轴面的倾角大小和移位距离的大小。轴面倾角越大,错位距离就越小。反之,轴面倾角越小,其错位距离就越大。
图6-40 被横向正断层切断的直立褶皱引起的断层效应
实际上,自然界的断层效应要比以上情形更为复杂。在实践过程中,我们要从多方面考虑分析,绝不能仅观察一个平面抑或一个剖面,要从三维空间去观察运用“米”字形规则,着重研究断层产状和两盘的位移,断层类型与岩层或褶皱产状的相互关系,以及地形剥蚀的情形来综合分析。
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