推荐回答(2个)
古今字:指文献中记录同一个词项而不同时代使用了不同字符的”历时同词异字“现象。古今字又称区别字。为减轻古字多义的负担,它是在原有形体基础上,增加义符或更换义符、声符而后创造的区别字,这种反映同一概念先后产生的字,合称为古今字。这样一对或一组古今同义异形而又有区别意义的一组字就叫古今字。古字先出,今字是为承担古字某一部分意义而后造的字。即同一个词在不同的时代用不同的字来表示,在前的叫古字,在后的叫今字。例如:“要”在古有“腰”的义,但没有“腰”这个字。后来造的“腰”字与古字“要”都有“腰”的意义。那么“要”和“腰”就是一组古今字。
异体字:一个字的正体之外的写法,字音字义相同而字形不同的一组字。异体字,又称又体、或体、说文解字中称为重文,是指读音、意义相同,但写法不同的汉字。广义的异体字,读音、意义相同但写法不同的汉字。“‘A’与‘B’互为异体字”一句中,“A”和“B”都是广义的异体字,不分哪一个是正体。狭义的异体字,跟规定的正体字同音同义而写法不同的字。“‘A’是‘B’的异体字”一句中,“A”是狭义的异体字,“B”是正体字。有时异体字的概念也包括经常假借乃至可以通用的字。例如:俛与俯、媿与愧,虽然字的构形不同,但音义及记词职能完全一样,在任何情况下都可互换。
异体字与古今字的根本区别在于用法是否有分工,用法没有分工的是异体字,用法有分工的是古今字。
参考资料:
1、http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=LM6CkoHVycGMObHRHNf946AMpbSPWOhvf-cNFGK8DoHbe3-oAiy_PkqmMzo8xBq9BOOnTZMKi1KxIlu_0pso5_
2、http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=qYSOpO0GHGWrijgW3eDygrCuFArifuu8VXYU-nCdZPsp4wYaNENNz51CSS0_f2oksKS1Ud7pklWtNyadjLzw5a
3、http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=QeNTHtiBFWm6TocjdH2acvXgFgaEOBh2tvT-4C1yfTTz8bCHVtznaIpPAtT8pNCEwrcLAhQPwpjE-CJx_qMUrBM4TzhKklS9SwzQez0UqoK
古今字与
异体字之间存在差异.异体字是指字形不同而音
义完全相同的字,也叫"异形字","或体","重文"
或"俗体",是相对于常用的"正字"(即通用字)来
说的.异体字的表义功能完全相同,在任何语言
环境中都可以相互代替,如代表"脚迹"这一意义,
古代无论使用"95"或"迹"字都是一样的,而且读
音也完全相同.古今字的产生有时间先后问题,
今字产生后,它所分担的意义只是古字的一部分,
所以,古,今字一般是不能完全相互代替的.如
"内"和"纳"这对占今字,"内"可以代替接纳的
"纳"的意义."纳"却不能代替"内"的意义.而且
古今字读音有的一样,有的有区别,如"责"和
"债","说"和"悦,,等.
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