求战国时的服饰

2025-03-25 14:40:15
推荐回答(2个)
回答(1):

春秋战国服饰

  (公元前770~前221)  春秋战国时期周王室衰微,五霸七雄等诸侯国各自为政,一方面竞相发展生产,注重商品流通,一方面兼并弱小,掠夺土地和财富。特别是对大量技术工匠的掳掠占有和铁工具的推广应用,促进了各种手工业的交流提高。各方面竞争的成就对纺织材料、服装剪裁工艺和装饰艺术,也无不发生重大影响,从而形成了百花齐放的服饰局面和推陈出新的深衣服式。  

  春秋战国时期织绣工艺的巨大进步,使服饰材料日益精细,品种名目日见繁多。河南襄邑的花锦,山东齐鲁的冰纨、绮、缟、文绣,风行全国,比普通绢帛的价格超出20多倍。南方吴越生产的细麻布,北方燕代生产的毛布、毡裘,西域羌胡族的细旃花罽(细密毛织物),楚国的大花纹刺绣、通幅大花纹织锦,无不精美绝伦。同时,周代往日“珠玉锦绣不鬻于市”的法规已被突破,这就促进了工艺的传播,使多样、精美的衣着服饰脱颖而出。   春秋战国时期,不仅王侯本人一身华服,即便从臣客卿也是足饰珠玑,腰金佩玉,衣裘冠履,均求贵重。   古人佩玉,尊卑有度,并赋以人格象征,所以“君子无故玉不去身”。影响所及,上层人士不论男女,都须佩带几件或成组列的美丽雕玉。剑,是当时的新兵器,贵族为示勇武兼用自卫,又必佩带一把镶金嵌玉的宝剑。腰间革带还流行各种带钩,彼此争巧,以至“宾客满堂视钩各异”。男女的帽,更引人注目,精致的用薄如蝉翼的轻纱,贵重的用黄金珠玉;形状有的如覆杯上耸,诗人屈原形容这种高冠“切云之崔嵬”。鞋,多用小鹿皮制作,或用丝缕、细草编成;南方多雨,还有通体涂漆,再用锦、绦饰面,底部有防滑齿结的漆履。冬天皮衣极重白狐裘,价值千金。女子爱用毛皮镶在袖口衣缘作出锋,还有半截式露指的薄质锦绣手套,无不异常美观。   春秋战国学术界“百家争鸣”的空气对当时文化学术发展有极大的推动作用,也促进了精美服饰的流行。   春秋战国时期的衣着,上层人物的宽博、下层社会的窄小,已趋迥然。在形式上,值得注意的一是深衣,二是胡服。  

  深衣(图4)有将身体深藏之意。是士大夫阶层居家的便服,又是庶人百姓的礼服,男女通用,可能形成于春秋战国之交。其形制在《礼记·深衣》有详尽的记载,后世注家学者也有较多的研究。从马山楚墓出土实物观察,深衣是把以前各自独立的上衣、下裳合二为一,却又保持一分为二的界线,故上下不通缝、不通幅。最智巧的设计,是在两腋下腰缝与袖缝交界处各嵌入一片矩形面料,据研究可能就是《礼记》提到的“续衽钩边”的“衽”,其作用能使平面剪裁立体化,可以完美地表现人的体形,两袖也获得更大的展转运肘功能。所以古人称道深衣“可以为文,可以为武,可以摈相,可以治军旅”,认为是一种完善服装。   据记载,深衣有4种不同名称:深衣、长衣、麻衣、中衣。从出土文物看,春秋战国时衣裳连属的服装较多,用处也广,有些可以看作深衣的变式。①河南信阳楚墓出土有木俑,袖口宽大下垂及膝,显得庄重,可能属于特定礼服类。②传河南洛阳金村韩墓出土有二舞女玉佩(图5),穿曲裾衣,扬起一袖,腰身极细,垂发齐肩略上卷,大致是后来《史记》所说燕赵佳妙女子“揳鸣琴,蹑利屣,游媚公卿间”的典型装束。③湖南长沙仰天湖楚墓出土有彩绘木俑,着交领斜襟(曲裾)长衣和直襟(直裾)齐足长衣,其剪裁缝纫技巧考究,凡关系到人体活动较大部位多斜向开料,既便于活动,又能显示体态的美,是深衣在春秋战国末期的一种变化形式,曾是妇女的时装,对男装也有相当影响。  

  至于湖北江陵马山楚墓出土有直领对襟的短袖“?衣”,样子和现代的女式短大衣差不多,到汉代也还流行。山西长子县和河北易县出土有木俑、青铜烛奴,着上下通裁通缝、两侧开衩很高的长衣,则与深衣剪裁制度全然不同,它自成体系,应是后世沿用数千年不废“袍”服的前身。   公元前307年赵武灵王颁胡服令,推行胡服骑射。胡服,指当时“胡人”的服饰,与中原地区宽衣博带的服装有较大差异,特征是衣长齐膝,腰束郭洛带,用带钩,穿靴,便于骑射活动。由于中原上层人物惯于坐而论道,穿长衣视为特权,一旦弃长就短,不法古、不循礼,便成为改革大事。其衣制实与中原奴隶或其他劳动者短衣相类同,不过裤是连裆的。而从湖北江陵马山楚墓出土实物看,当时内地已有绵袴,《说文》解作“胫衣”,前面连腰,棕红绣绢裤面,锦边小口裤脚,两侧附装饰绦带,与胡服之别尤在于后面开裆。至于衣长,山西侯马出土的人形陶范表明,齐膝的织绣花衣(其领襟曲折直下、腰间系丝绦、打蝴蝶结)已从西周演变过来,一般认为这就是已受胡人影响的装束。   春秋战国时期的衣服款式空前丰富多样,不仅表现于深衣和胡服。乐人有戴风兜帽的,舞人有长及数尺的袖子,猎人衣裤多扎得紧紧的,有人还常戴鸱角或鹊尾冠、穿小袖长裙衣和斜露襞褶的下裳。这些都与多彩的社会生活相关。

回答(2):

去汉服吧问问吧。有个叫 菜鸟飞飞888 的是这时期服饰的高手。运气好的话他在的。

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