如何理解专利法第四十七条中宣告无效的专利权自始无效?

2025-03-31 20:27:34
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

  《中华人民共和国专利法》第四十七条司法解释
  一、宣告无效的专利权视为自始即不存在。依照本条第一款的规定,被宣告无效的专利权,视为自始即不存在。所谓“视为自始即不存在”,即指法律上认定该专利权从授权开始就没有法律约束力,而不是自被宣告无效后才失去法律效力,即对专利权无效的宣告是有溯及力的。

  二、本条在第一款规定专利权无效宣告具有溯及既往的效力的同时,又在第二款中,规定了对几种情形不具有追溯力,包括:

  1.对宣告专利权无效前人民法院已经作出并已执行的专利侵权的判决、裁定,专利权无效宣告不具有追溯力。在专利权被宣告无效前,专利权人以他人侵犯其专利权为由,向人民法院提出诉讼,经人民法院根据当时尚属有效的专利权,作出有关专利侵权损害赔偿的判决、裁定并已执行的,在专利权被宣告无效后,对该项已作出并已执行的判决、裁定,不具有溯及力。依判决、裁定侵犯专利权而给予的侵权损害赔偿,当事人不得请求返还。

  2.对已经履行或者强制执行的专利侵权纠纷处理决定,专利权无效宣告不具有追溯力。依照本法第五十七条的规定,因侵犯专利权引起的纠纷,当事人可以请求管理专利工作的部门进行处理;当事人对管理专利工作的部门作出的处理不服的,可以在规定的期限向人民法院提起行政诉讼。当事人期满既不起诉又不履行管理专利工作的部门作出的处理决定的,管理专利工作的部门可以请求人民法院强制执行。对管理专利工作的部门对专利侵权纠纷作出的处理决定,当事人已经履行的,或者已经管理专利工作的部门申请法院强制执行的,其后作出的专利权无效的宣告,没有追溯力。

  3.对已经履行的专利实施许可合同或者专利权转让合同,专利权无效宣告不具有追溯力。对因履行专利实施许可合同而支付的专利使用费或者因履行专利权转让合同而支付的转让费,当事人都不得请求返还。

  按照民法的一般原则,被宣告无效的专利权人因行使专利权所获得的利益属于不当得利,既然被宣告无效的专利权视为自始即不存在,则专利权人应当将不当得利返还相对人。但考虑到专利权作为一种无形的财产权及授权情况的复杂性,很难保证每一项被授予的专利权都符合法律规定的条件而不在其后被宣告无效。如果专利权一旦被宣告无效,还要溯及到法院已经作出并执行的判决、裁定,溯及到管理专利工作的部门作出并已履行或强制执行的处理决定,会使法院判决、裁定及行政机关决定处于不稳定的状态,进而影响社会经济秩序的稳定。对专利实施许可合同和专利权转让合同行为来讲,被许可人和专利权受让人由于专利权被宣告无效前已经因专利权受到保护而获得了实际的利益,其支付的专利使用费和专利权转让费不予返还也是合理的。

  当然,依照本款规定,如果因专利权人的恶意给他人造成损失的,应当给予赔偿。

  三、按照本条第二款关于专利权无效的宣告对已经履行的专利实施许可合同或者专利权转让合同不具有追溯力的规定,对因履行专利实施许可合同而支付的专利使用费或者因履行专利权转让合同而支付的转让费,当事人不得请求返还。但本条第三款又规定,如果依照第二款的规定,专利权人或者专利权转让人不向被许可实施专利人或者专利权受让人返还专利使用费或者专利权转让费,明显违反公平原则,专利权人或者专利权转让人应当向被许可实施专利人或者专利权受让人返还全部或者部分专利使用费或者专利权转让费。例如,当履行实施许可合同或者转让合同不久,被许可实施专利的人或者专利权受让人还未实施有关的专利或者实施了较短的时间,该专利权就被宣告无效。在短时间内他们还没有从专利实施中取得实际利益或者其取得的利益与支出的专利使用费和受让费相比相去甚远,出现了明显的不公平现象时,专利权人或者专利权转让人应当向被许可实施专利人或者专利权受让人返还全部或者部分专利使用费或者专利权转让费。

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