M7U1 READING
Unit 1 Living with technology
The evolution of video and sound devices
Early history of TV
The first public TV broadcasts were made in the USA in 1925. Later, in 1928, the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA. Regular public broadcasting followed shortly afterwards, first beginning on 11 May 1928 in New York and on 20 August 1929 in London.
Many different people contributed to the development of TV. Most early TV broadcasts were made using a system developed by John Logie Baird in the UK. However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks. An American, Philo Farnsworth, made important breakthroughs in the development of TV in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Modern TVs use many of the principles first discovered by Farnsworth.
John Logic Baird constructed the first colour TV in 1928, but it was not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular colour TV broadcasts to begin in the USA. Regular colour TV broadcasts were delayed in the UK until 1967. However, within a short time nearly all TV broadcasts were made in colour, and within five years more colour TVs than black-and-white TVs were being used. The modern age：satellite TV
Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962. Satellites allow TV to be broadcast live over vast distances, with everyone receiving the same broadcast at the same time. They also make TV accessible to people who live far away from cities, and satellite dishes can often be seen distributed throughout the countryside and remote areas. Of course, only a small percentage of people own satellite dishes. However, most people still benefit from satellite TV, as local TV companies broadcast the signals they get from satellite receivers to the population living nearby. Early history of sound recorders
It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player. Early record players used round tubes to record on. However, in 1887 Emile Berliner, a German living in the USA, invented a record player that used discs as alternatives to tubes, and so the modern record player was born. The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were two minutes long. Times surely have changed!
Sound and video recorders
In 1928, the first tape recorders used to copy sound were made in Germany. Most early recorders employed steel tape to record on, which made them heavy and difficult to use, or paper tape, which was easier to use but often broke. It was not until the early 1950s that most tape recorders began using plastic tape as they do today. Meanwhile, electr
ical components eventually became so small that, by the late 1960s, portable cassette players were developed, along with video recorders which were used by TV stations. By the late 1970s, video recorders small and cheap enough for home use were introduced. Sound and video go digital
In 1982, the first CDs were made available. CDs are often used for storing and playing music because they have a much better sound quality than traditional records and cassettes. In 1993, the VCD was born, and in 1995, the DVD was invented. The DVD is now the standard for recording and playing back video.
The future
With the development of digital technology, sound and video can now be stored on a PC, on the Internet, or using some form of portable storage. This will soon make records, cassette recorders, CDs, DVDs and even TVs things of the past. Technology is now changing faster than most people can keep pace with. Who can foresee what the future will bring?
Project
To phone or not to phone?
In the USA, the Amish--a Christian group--are famous because they drive carriages instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones. Many people assume the Amish must have religious reasons for their many rules, but this is not true. In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. They then vote on whether they will accept it. The Amish reject cars because they like having tight communities where everyone lives close together. They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity--they do not think it is necessary and dislike dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.
Since the Amish value seeing each other face to face, they oppose having telephones in their houses. However, in each community there is often a small building that has a telephone for emergencies.
The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it. However, maybe the Amish have a valid point. Which is more of a friend, someone you often talk to over the phone or someone you often talk to face to face? And, if you need help, who can help you better, someone far away or someone in the room with you? There is something important about being together and sharing life that cannot be found over a telephone wire.
There are other disadvantages to the telephone, as well. For example, no matter what the circumstances, when the phone rings, everything stops so that the call can be answered. Your family could be eating dinner or chatting together, yet this will be interrupted. However, most phone calls are not really that important; certainly, they could not be more important than family time. Then, when you are absorbed in a book or simply trying to rest, the phone always seems to be ringing, destroying whatever peace you might have. However, the person calling is often merely a salesman or someone who has dialled the wrong number.
With mobile phones, these problems increase. How many times have you been talking with a friend, only for your friend to interrupt the conversation to answer a call? For some reason, a typical mobile phone call is nearly always given greater importance than a face-to-face conversation. Yet, once again, most mobile phone calls are about rather small matters. When asked later what the call was about, your friend always answers, 'Oh, nothing really.' If the call was really about 'nothing', then why was it so important as to interrupt your conversation and waste your precious time?
Of course, using the mobile phone for text messages is the worst. In one study, girls average 80 text messages a day, and boys average 30. What do people talk about in text messages? While these messages always seem important at the time, most people cannot really remember them the next day. Phones and text messages focus on building relationships with many people. However, these relationships are often quite shallow. Many teenagers say that while they have a lot of friends, they really have no best friend. The use of technology for communication rather than talking face to face is one reason why this is true. Meanwhile, real relationships are often sacrificed, and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings. The Amish in general have a higher degree of mental health than most people. They have very calm and stable lives because they value community and living in peace above all else, especially new technology. Maybe they are right. Maybe we should throw all of our phones into the dustbin, along with our cars and TVs for good measure. Maybe we should rid ourselves of modern technology and return to simpler times.
What's that? ... Sorry, I have to go. The phone's ringing ...
Unit 2 Fit for life
This article will focus on two drugs that started revolutions in medicine. If you open up any medicine cupboard or go to any medicine counter in the world, it is likely that you will find aspirin and penicillin. Both of these medicines have saved millions of people's lives and have proved beneficial to mankind since they were invented.
Aspirin：： was invented in 1897. However, the basic chemical used to make aspirin can be found in nature. Nearly 3,500 years ago, people chewed on leaves or drank a kind of tea made from leaves possessing a special chemical to reduce body pains and fever. About 2,500 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from a tree bark containing salicylic acid for the same effect. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced aspirin from this chemical. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899, when the company Hoffmann worked for began distributing the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops in the form of tablets. Within a short time, aspirin became the best-selling medicine in the world for pain relief.
Not only has aspirin proved vital for reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin had the potential to reduce the risk of heart attacks, because it helped the blood circulate better. The report was ignored. However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin could have that effect, and in 1977 a study carried out in the USA showed that aspirin could prevent strokes, as well. Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed that aspirin could reduce the risk of some cancers by 40 per cent. In 1999, aspirin was over 100 years old, and yet there have been more discoveries about how it can help increase the length of people's lives. In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that aspirin could reduce blood sugar levels and, therefore, help people with diabetes.
为了更好地测试学生的综合英语能力，托福阅读考试在形式和内容上都进行了改革，新托福阅读在整体命题思路和出题套路上并没有太大的变化。也就是说考生要想在新托福阅读考试中取得好成绩，还是要把重点放在认真地做好考前的准备工作上，提高自己的英语综合能力，在把握新托福阅读考试思路，熟练运用解题技巧的同时，保证词汇量达到一定的水平。因此建议考生们一定要在备考的过程中配备新托福阅读的第一把剑——词汇。
托福阅读考试中词汇题会占到三分之一的比例，也就是说每篇文章中基本会有4题左右的词汇题。而这些词汇题中的词汇基本上也不会是所谓的“变态词”。当然有的考生会说到时根据上下文内容猜出单词的意思不就可以了吗?但是很多考生会出现的一种情况是：题干中的单词能猜出什么意思，可是选项中的单词不认识，最终依然无法选出正确答案。以TPO 8中第二篇文章的题目为例：
Paragraph 6: In view of these facts, scientists …Their calculation show that the impact kicked up a dust clout that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.
Question 11: The word disruption in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
○ exhaustion
○ disturbance
○ modification
○ disappearance
有的同学对disruption一词并不认识，但是根据disruption所在句子的前一句话“他们的计算表明撞击扬起的灰尘遮挡了阳光达几个月之久，阻止了植物的光合作用，将陆地上的气温降到了零点之下，导致酸雨，通过温室效应造成了长期的、严重的全球升温”，考生们可以猜出该词为“扰乱”之意，但是再看选项，一些词汇量小的考生可能只知道最后一个单词的意思，而disappearance, 意为“消失”，又不可能是正确选型，因此这些词汇量小的考生们只能束手无策了。其实第一个选项为“耗尽、用光”之意;第二个选项为“打扰、妨碍”之意;第三个选项为“修改”之意，所以正确答案应该是第二个选项。
其他题型的考查重点虽然不是词汇，但是词汇量缺乏依然会对题目的理解和答题造成影响，而如果考生们能够把这些单词都掌握好，那么考试的主动权当然也就掌握在自己手里了。
现行新托福阅读考试对词汇量的要求约为8000左右，因此考生们一定要配备应试新托福阅读的第一把剑——词汇，要坚持把单词书完整“啃”下来并彻底消化，打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书“啃”下并消化，除了勤劳，还要注意单词的记忆技巧，不能光靠“蛮力”，这样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感，反而产生负面效果。考生们可以运用以下几种记忆技巧来背单词：
★ 谐音记忆 如：lethal可记成“离骚”。
★ 联想记忆 如：battlefield(战场)可以联想为“打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦”。
★ 比较记忆 如：形近单词evolution和revolution相比，evolution比revolution少了个字母r, 这种情况下我们可以想evolution是革命之前的进化发展，所以少一个字母r。
★ 发音记忆 如：exacerbate的音标为[gzsbet], 遵循了发音规律，考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律，边读边背，就可以很轻松的记住它了。
★ 词群记忆 如：在背choosier一词时，考生应同时想托福阅读中choosier的解释“demanding”一词。
★ 拆分记忆 如：deforestation可以拆为前缀de-, 词根forest, 后缀-ation。
★ 滚动记忆 如：如果背单词表，在第一天背了10个单词，那么第二天在背新的10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词，以此类推。另外考生们在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词，因为既然是阅读高频词，肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
当然也会有很多同学说背词汇书太有挑战性了，背过之后特别容易遗忘，而且也感觉枯燥无味，所以考生们如果不喜欢背词汇书，建议考生也可以精读OG或者TPO中的文章，因为所谓的新托福阅读高频词当然就是在新托福阅读文章和题目中会反复出现并考到的单词。
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