真、行、草、隶、篆各代表什么字体?

2025-04-04 17:14:20
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

汉字在形成和发展的过程中,先后出现过5种主要字体,即人们俗称的:真、行、草、隶、篆。这5种字体,在中国书法史上都占有着重要的位置。

真书,又称正书,也称正楷、楷书。在真、行、草、隶、篆5种字体中,真书是产生最迟的一种,直至今天人们仍在使用它。真书的出现,是在汉代隶书和草书使用阶段开始产生的。它的优点:一是方便书写,简省改变了隶书的波磔;二是匡正了草书的无固定标准、结构不严密的弱点。总之,真书在汉代末期出现时,就逐步舍弃了篆书与隶书的环转笔势。它的形体方正,笔画平直,易认易识,为人们所乐于接受,就成了书写的楷模,所以又称做楷书。由于真书的应用范围广泛,书写时可大可小,又有小楷、中楷、大楷、榜书等不同的功用和称呼。

行书,是一种处在真书和草书之间的字体,它比真书书写起来迅速,比草书字体容易认识,在日常应用和书法活动中被大量使用。在行书当中,按照它的书写形态区分,偏于楷法的称为“行楷”,草法采用多的则称为“行草”。

草书,是人们在书写实践中为了追求方便、快捷而创造出来的,以后在书法艺术活动中,为历代书法家所重视,得到不断地发展。草书是伴随着隶书同时出现的,约产生在秦、汉两代相交的阶段,称为“草隶”,就是书写潦草的隶书。以后又由“草隶”发展到字形较为成熟的每字独立不相连的“章草”。相传在汉末时,书法家张芝又把“章草”字的隶书笔意舍弃,采取偏傍相互借用,书写时使上下字之间的笔势牵连相通,创造成了至今仍在流行的“今草”。俗称的草书,一般就指“今草”这种字体。唐代的书法家张旭与怀素在写“今草”的过程中,更把草字加以放纵,书写时笔势连绵,一笔写出连带的数字,字形的大小偏正变化多样,又形成了“狂草”。

隶书,是从篆书演变而来的一种字体。它简化了篆书的繁难字形,又把篆书的圆转笔画变为接近方折,在字形的结构上完成了由象形性变为笔画性的演化,书写时比篆书方便,为以后真书的发展打下了基础。隶书的出现是在战国末期,早期的隶书还存有篆书的形迹,发展到东汉时已完全成熟,并被广泛使用。隋、唐以前把隶书称为正书,唐代有“今隶”字体,指的是真书。

篆书,一般指的是包括大篆与小篆两种字体。大篆是早期的篆书,又称籀书,主要是指青铜器和石鼓上的古文字。大篆宽泛的涵义连甲骨文字也算在其间,可知大篆是一种字形并不一致的字体。小篆,又称“秦篆”,是秦始皇统一中国后推行统一文字的结果。秦代是以小篆作为正字使用的,它结束了秦以前文字混乱的局面,汉字的规范性也是自小篆出现后开始的。

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