新托福考试,即基于互联网的托福考试从2005年1月23号落地大陆,独立写作一直都没有要求写标题,所以不用担心标题的问题。
关于开头,有两个问题需要注意:
速度。考试是的作文不同于平时自由写作,时间至关重要,而且开头在重要性方面比起中间段落要弱不少(仅限在考试情境下哦,考试情况下时间紧迫,考生不太可能在那么短的时间里写出惊天地泣鬼神的开头。同时,考官也有这样的预期,会把重心放在看主体段落上面),所以一定要快。托福独立写作开头建议使用时间不超过3分钟。
结构。如果想快速完成开头,除了平时多加练习之外,学会分解任务至关重要。把开头当做一个大任务,那么分解为三个小任务,每个任务完成了,开头就写完了。
建议开头三个任务:
a. 背景:题目所要讨论的核心话题是什么?它的重要性是什么?有了他,人们,社会,世界会怎么样?没了呢,又会怎么样?说白了,就是一定意义的“忽悠”。不过请注意,如果实在觉得写不出来,那就可以不写,这个部分是可以选择写或者不写。
b. 引出题干:在背景结束之后,开始将题干引出来。引出的方法有三个:
1)反方观点:自己的态度已经确定的情况下,用反方的立场,把话题引出,伺机反驳,为后面引出自己的观点埋下伏笔。
2)双方争议:比较熟悉的方式九十大家知道的,Some people think A;Some people think B. I think A. 不过,建议要写明两方面所持观点的理由,这样会更有说服力。
3)抛出问题:将题干改为一般疑问句或者特殊疑问句。同样,为了会面以回答问题的方法引出个人观点做好准备。
c. 个人观点:个人观点的表述很大程度上依赖题干是如何引出的:
1)如果是反方观点引出,我们当然不同意它,可以写: I disagree. I believe…
2)如果是双方争议,要做出选择。可以写:As for me, I would support A / B.
3)如果是抛出问题,要做出回答。可以写:The answer is…
以下是范例:
题目:Do you agree or disagree?
Universities should spend more money on improving
facilities or hiring good professors.
完整例 1(背景+反方观点+个人观点)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (反方观点)Some people would say that the importance of professors outweighs that of facilities, for they are the fundamental competitiveness for any school. (个人观点)I, however, disagree. I believe that better facilities will be more beneficial to us.
完整例 2(背景+双方争议+个人观点)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (双方争议)Nowadays, people have conflicting opinions about whether professors weigh more in the progress of a university than facility. (个人观点)As for me, professors are more essential.
完整例 3(背景+抛出问题+个人观点)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (抛出问题)Then, the question is which one affects the progress of a university more? (个人观点)The answer is definitely the professors.
新托福的独立性写作一般分为两种类型:
1.选择型:列举出两种行为、意见、观点等,要你选择认同哪一种;
2.是非型:列举一种行为、意见、观点等,问你是否认同,对此有什么看法.
开头的写法可以是:对于选择题型,第一句根据题目所述的话题描写一下背景,然后用复述等方式提出题目提出的两种看法,最后一句表达自己支持的观点.类似地,如果是是非题型,首先描述一下题目提出的社会现象/背景等,然后用复述等方式提出题目所述的观点,最后提出自己的观点.
结尾的写法:一定要对应开头,明确表达自己的观点:可先用让步手法描写你不支持的观点的可取之处,再用转折方式提出它的缺点、漏洞,再提出自己支持的观点及原因,最后一句总结“所以你认为...比较好”