推荐回答(3个)
李广虽身经百战,不乏以个人勇敢脱困出险的壮举,却并不曾取得过什么决定性或者说是关键性的胜利,这恐怕是他没能封侯的最主要原因。武帝对外用兵,初期以李广为先朝名将,屡次重用,却均无功。公元前133年,李广为骁骑将军参加马邑之役,匈奴识破汉计,双方未能交战。4年之后,李广出雁门击匈奴,因寡不敌众而被擒。虽然他凭借机智勇敢而逃脱,但依照汉法,“为虏所生得年,当斩”,后贬为庶民。公元前120年,李广与张骞出击匈奴,广军几乎覆没,无赏。西汉是一个执法很严的朝代,如果没有立下突出的战功或者功过相抵,是不可能封侯的。即使是对李广深表同情的司马迁,在《李将军列传》里也不时有类似记载:“诸将多中首虏率,以功为侯者,而广军无功。”首虏率指斩杀敌人首级和俘获敌人的数量规定,达到相应数量,才可封侯。
李广自身的性格局限是其难得封侯的重要原因。李广在出任右北平太守前赋闲在家,一次夜间骑马外出为霸陵尉所止,李广衔而恨之。及至李广受命出任,则请求武帝将霸陵尉划归己属,到了军中就斩杀了此前曾阻止他外出的霸陵尉。此事虽为武帝所谅解,但作为征讨杀伐、威震一方的军中大将其睚眦必报、恃强好杀的性格让最高统治者极为不满,也使自身形象大打折扣。
李广治军作战亦有其致命弱点。李广勇则勇矣,却给人以有勇无谋之感。李广作战喜欢冲锋陷阵,逞勇斗狠,经常带少数骑兵冲击敌方大队,以少胜多而自逞其能。因此,尽管李广以“力战”知名,经常在险情面前化险为夷,但也往往因不擅智取而遭受失败。李广治军甚宽松,部队行军可以不按编制的序列行动,公文表册的处理也比较随意。与李广同时的程不识曾评价说:“李广军极简易,然虏卒犯之,无以禁也;而其士卒亦佚乐,咸乐为之死。”但治军不严,就算得到士卒的拥戴也是难以常胜不败的。
李广不曾封侯还与最高统治者对他的态度有关。文帝十分欣赏李广,曾为其叹息说:“惜广不逢时,令当高祖世,万户侯岂足道哉!”这是因为文帝时为和平时期,无缘立功受封。后来,卫青、霍去病等青年将领崛起,李广地位迅速下降。公元前119年,汉大举进攻匈奴。李广多次自请出征,武帝认为他年老不济,初不允许,后经再三考虑才答应。而大将军卫青也阴承武帝意旨,认为李广数为匈奴所败,难有作为,以其部为偏师。其不受重视达到如此地步,此时的李广何求有功,但求无过足矣!
还有,李广最接近封侯的一次是在七王之乱的时候,他立下大功,但私受梁王将军印(梁王觊觎帝位),于是就无法得赏了。
李广是汉代的名将,但我们看到的历史记载里,他只有在小范围战争中的战功。李广擅长的是小部队的突袭,而并不擅长大规模的战斗。和同时代的卫青和霍去病相比,李广的战功相差甚远。所以说李广是盛名之下实难以负。
运气啊
李广威名远播,每次和匈奴作战,匈奴都是重兵来打李广。结果名气没那么大的新人,卫青,霍去病,正好就收拾匈奴后方的老弱家属了。另外,武帝对自己舅大爷总是关照些的。给的后勤补给也最充足。李广吸引了匈奴主力,卫霍正好长途奔袭打匈奴后方。结果每次战役,李广部,杀敌甚多,而自损亦多。大体相当。就没功劳。
后来武帝也觉得李广老没战功不合适。特意交代卫青,李广运气不好,又老了。千万别让李广有什么闪失。卫青让李广作偏师。还有张骞当向导。结果偏偏李广还是带队迷路了。等李广带队伍找到卫青的大部队。卫青已经赢得了决定性的漠北之战。李广觉得一把年纪了,还要因为贻误战机而吃军法,太没面子。就自杀了。
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