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中国是茶道的发源地,中国茶道知识的发展已经有千年的历史了,每一个年代的茶文化都不相同,今天小编就给大家介绍下宋朝茶文化,告诉大家喝茶的好处有哪些。
宋朝饮茶方式丰富多彩
今天给大家介绍下宋朝茶文化知识,宋朝,已经经历了唐朝茶业与茶文化启蒙发展阶段,宋朝成为历史上茶饮活动最活跃的时代,除了有内容丰富、技艺高超的“斗茶”“分茶”“绣茶”等以外,民间的饮茶方式更是丰富多彩。
宋朝的民间饮茶,比较经典的就是在南宋时期的都城临安(今浙江杭州)。当时繁华的临安城,茶肆经营昼夜不绝,无论烈日当头还是隆冬腊月,时时有人来提壶买茶。茶肆里面张挂着名人书画,装饰古朴,四季有鲜花装点,前来饮茶的人们络绎不绝,往来如织。
南宋时期的临安,茶肆有许多不同的类型,可以分为许多种,来适应不同层次的消费者。有一些茶肆,多是士大夫等人与朋友相聚的场所,人们在此不但品茗倾谈,甚至开展体育活动,如蹴球茶坊等。
还有作为品茗场所的茶楼、茶馆的主要顾客多为文雅和有学识之人,他们在此把玩乐器,学习曲目弹奏等,当时人们把这种茶肆称为“挂牌儿”。还有一些茶馆并非以茶为营生,只是挂名而已,人们在此进行买卖交易,谈事论情,饮酒甚至赌博,成为娱乐场所。
中国宋代茶文化的兴盛
宋朝时期的茶区在不断扩大,种植、采制、烹茶技艺等日趋精湛。茶业重心开始南移,建茶(广义的武夷茶区)崛起,贡茶院南迁至福建建安北苑,成为中国团茶、饼茶制作的主要技术中心。建安北苑出产的龙凤茶名冠天下,这种模压成龙形或凤形的专用贡茶又称龙团风饼。
宋代市井问茶馆林立,饮茶方法在唐代基础上又迈进了一步,盛行典雅精致的点茶法。点茶法和唐代烹茶法最大不同之处就是不再将筛过的茶末放到锅里去煮,而是放在茶盏里,用少量开水调匀后,再添加开水,边添加边用一种竹制的茶筅反复击打,使之产生泡沫(称为汤花),达到茶盏边壁不留水痕者为最佳状态。
宋代茶人除了追求美丽的茶汤泡沫外,也讲究茶汤的真味,点茶不添加食盐,单纯品尝茶叶的芳香和滋味。南宋末期,日本僧人南浦昭明到我国求学取经,首次将中国的点茶法传到日本,成为中国茶道在日本的最早传播者。后经日本茶道创始人千利休改造而成日本茶道。现在El本茶道中的抹茶道采用的就是点茶法。
宋代风行评比调茶技术和茶质优劣的斗茶,也称茗战。斗茶时采用点茶法。斗茶实际上就是茶艺比赛,通常是三五知己聚在一起,煎水点茶,互相评审,看谁的点茶技艺更高明。决定胜负的因素有二:一是汤色,二是汤花,最后综合评定味、香、色。
汤呈乳白色,汤面泛“汤花”能较长时间凝住杯盏内壁不动,这样才算点泡出一杯好茶。点茶追求茶的真香、本味,并十分注重点茶动作的优美协调。斗茶时所使用的茶盏是黑色的,它更容易衬托出茶汤的白色,茶盏上是否附有水痕也更容易看出来。因此,当时福建建安生产的黑釉茶盏最受欢迎。
宋代茶业已有了很大发展,推动了茶文化的发展,在文人中出现了专业品茶社团,有官员组成的“汤社”、佛教徒的“千人社”等。除了茶诗词、茶题材书画外,涌现出一批有关茶的著作,如蔡襄的《茶录》、熊蕃的《宣和北苑贡茶录》、审安老人的《茶具图赞》等。
宋朝的茶道:用瓷碗喝茶成风
唐朝人喝茶全是煮:先用茶碾子把茶砖碾碎,碾成粉面状的茶末,再用茶罗把茶末过滤一下,然后把茶末投放到滚水里,像煮饺子一样煮上三滚,最后喝那一锅茶汤。
宋朝人喝茶,比唐朝有所改进,他们用小勺把茶末分到几个碗里,冲入滚水,一边冲一边搅,快速搅动,让茶末跟滚水充分混合,这叫“点茶”。点好的茶汤上面还会泛出一层乳白色的泡沫,好像卡布奇诺咖啡。
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