医用化学中ach是什么?

2025-04-01 00:00:27
推荐回答(2个)
回答(1):

乙酰胆碱(Acetylcholine,ACh)
ACh为胆碱能神经递质。其性质不稳定,极易被体内AChE水解,其作用广泛,选择性差,故无临床实用价值;但由于其为内源性神经递质,分布较广,具有非常重要的生理功能。

1.心血管系统 副交感神经通过其末梢释放ACh可支配心血管系统功能,主要产生以下作用:

(1)血管扩张 给正常成人静脉注射小剂量(20μg ~50 μg/min)ACh可使全身血管扩张,也包括肺血管和冠状血管。其扩血管作用主要由于激动血管内皮细胞M3胆碱受体亚型,导致内皮依赖性舒张因子(endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF)即一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)释放,从而引起邻近平滑肌细胞松弛。如果血管内皮受损,则ACh的上述作用将不复存在,反可引起血管收缩。此外,ACh所致的肾上腺素能神经末梢NA释放减少也与其扩血管作用有关。由于血管扩张引起血压短暂下降,常伴有反射性心率加快。

(2)减慢心率 大剂量的ACh可使心率减慢,此作用亦称负性频率作用( negative chronotropic action)。此与药物抑制房室结传导有关,ACh也能延缓窦房结舒张期自动除极、使复极化电流增加,达到动作电位阈值的时间延长。导致心率减慢。

(3)减慢房室结和普肯野纤维传导 即为负性传导作用(negative dromotropic action)。ACh可延长房室结和普肯野纤维(Purkinje fibers)的不应期,并使其传导减慢。强心苷(cardiac glycosides)或大剂量全身给于AChR激动药时所出现的完全性心脏传导阻滞常与房室结传导明显抑制有关。前者可使迷走神经张力增高,即通过ACh发挥作用;后者为副交感神经,即ACh的拟似效应。

(4)减弱心肌收缩力 即为负性肌力作用(negative inotropic action)。胆碱能神经主要分布于窦房结、房室结、普肯野纤维和心房,而心室较少有胆碱能神经支配。故认为ACh对心房收缩的抑制作用大于心室。但由于迷走神经末梢与交感神经末梢紧密相邻,迷走神经末梢所释放的ACh可激动交感神经末梢突触前mAChR,反馈性抑制交感神经末梢NA释放,故使心室收缩力减弱。

(5)缩短心房不应期 ACh不影响心房肌的传导速度,但可使心房不应期及动作电位时程缩短(即为迷走神经作用)。

(6)心脏离子通道 ACh对心脏离子通道的影响主要表现为:①增加心房肌细胞、窦房结和房室结细胞的K+电流(IK(ACh))②减少心肌细胞缓慢内向Ca2+电流(ICa)③减弱超极化激活电流(If),此电流与舒张期去极化有关。所有上述作用均与心脏起搏节律减慢有关。其中①和②引起心房细胞超极化和抑制其收缩性。

2.胃肠道 ACh可明显兴奋胃肠道平滑肌,使其收缩幅度和张力均增加,胃、肠平滑肌蠕动增加,并可促进胃、肠分泌,引起恶心、嗳气、呕吐、腹痛等症状。

3.泌尿道 ACh可使泌尿道平滑肌蠕动增加,膀胱逼尿肌收缩,使膀胱最大自主排空压力(maximal voluntary voiding pressure)增加,降低膀胱容积,同时膀胱三角区和外括约肌舒张,促进膀胱排空。

4.其他 ①腺体 ACh可使泪腺、气管和支气管腺体、唾液腺、消化道腺体和汗腺分泌增加; ②眼 当ACh局部滴眼时,可致瞳孔收缩,调节于近视; ③神经节和骨骼肌 ACh尚可作用于自主神经节和骨骼肌的神经肌肉接头的胆碱受体,引起交感、副交感神经节兴奋,肌肉收缩; ④中枢 由于ACh不易进入中枢,故尽管中枢神经系统有胆碱受体存在,但外周给药很少产生中枢作用; ⑤ACh可使支气管收缩,还能兴奋颈动脉和主动脉体化学受体。

回答(2):

ACh是胆碱能神经的递质,作用广泛,可人工合成。其化学性质不稳定,极易被体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)水解而失效。

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