推荐回答(1个)
橡胶树为热带雨林树种,喜高温、多湿、静风的环境生长和产胶,温度在26~28℃最适于生长。在我国植胶区,3月中旬至11月中旬的时期内均适于橡胶树生长。根据对橡胶树净光合作用的测定,最适光合作用温度为25~30℃;大于30℃时,净光合作用就会因呼吸作用的增强而降低,橡胶树生长受到不良影响;温度到达38℃时,呼吸作用超过光合作用,生长受到严重抑制;当温度低于25℃,生长缓慢;低于20℃时,生长基本停止;低于10℃的平流低温或4℃以下的辐射低温,橡胶树的苗木和幼树会受到不同程度的寒害。如果在6℃以下的平流低温或2℃以下的辐射低温下不受寒害,就可以认为是一个良好的抗寒橡胶种质资源。
温度与橡胶树产胶也有着密切的关系,在我国植胶区,4~11月份为割胶期,橡胶树高产胶的高峰期在4~5月份和9~11月份,这两个时期的凌晨割胶温度大都在25~27℃之间,最适于橡胶粒子的生物合成。对橡胶转移酶活性检测的试验,证实了25℃是该酶的活性最高峰温度。
橡胶树究竟是一个阳性树种还是耐阴树种,曾有过长期争论。从其生物学特性和栽培、产胶等性状来看,专家们都认为橡胶树是一个阳性树种。在橡胶树原产地的亚马孙原始热带雨林中,橡胶树在幼龄期生长在雨林的下层,忍受荫蔽的能力是很强的,一旦长上林冠,就成为上层树种,有充足的阳光,合成的生物量迅速增长,茎围增粗,产胶量上升。在栽培条件下,橡胶树光合作用的补偿点为500lx,饱和点约为30000lx,从幼树到成龄割胶都需要充足的阳光,荫蔽对生长和产胶都会造成不利影响。
橡胶树适应的年降水量在1200~2000mm之间。我国海南植胶区的平均年降水量为1500~1800mm,比较适合橡胶树对水分的要求;云南西双版纳地区年雨量仅1200mm,但该植胶区的土壤肥沃,保水力强,加上雾日较多,也适合橡胶树的生长和产胶。在我国植胶区,由于旱季与低温季节是结合在一起的,在冬季橡胶树有一个自我保护的落叶休眠期,以调节植物体对水分的需求。
野生橡胶树长期生长在南美洲赤道热带,基本上不受台风或飓风影响。我国海南省属于热带北缘季风气候区,常有台风为害,当风力达到12级时,成龄橡胶树断倒率大于30%;风力为11级时,断倒率为10%~20%;风力等于或小于10级时,橡胶树基本不受风害。我国云南植胶区属于非台风区,橡胶无风害,尤其在西双版纳地区,林相整齐,茎干直立,生长特别优良。除台风外,常风对橡胶树生长也有较显著影响,常风小于3级,生长正常,否则,生长、产胶、排胶均受到较严重抑制。
橡胶树的种子实生苗可以扦插成活,靠近茎基的部位更易成活;成龄橡胶树的枝条极难扦插生根成活。这种性状在一些树木生长发育过程中与从幼态型到熟态型阶段有着密切的关系。
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