在初中阶段,文言文中的之、为、而都有什么样的用法,最好能举出例子。多谢!
推荐回答(1个)
在初中阶段,文言文中的之、为、而以下用法:
之
1、 用作代词:
可以代人、代物、代事。代人多是第三人称。译为"他"(他们)、"它"(它们)。
例:策之不以其道,食之不能尽其材,鸣之而不能通其义,执策而临之,曰:“天下无马!”(《马说》)
2、用作助词:
(一)结构助词,定语的标志。用在定语和中心语(名词)之间,可译为“的”,有的可不译。例:小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。(《曹刿论战》)
(二)结构助词,宾语前置的标志。用在被提前的宾语之后,动词谓语或介词之前,译时应省去。 例:宋何罪之有?(《公输》)
(三)结构助词。当主谓短语在句中作为主语、宾语或一个分句时,“之”用在主语和谓语之间,起取消句子独立性的作用,可不译。译时也可省去。
例:孤之有孔明,犹鱼之有水也。(《隆中对》)
(四)音节助词。用在形容词、副词或某些动词的末尾,或用在三个字之间,使之凑成四个字,只起调整音节的作用,无义,译时应省去。
例:顷之 ,一狼径去,其一犬坐于前。(《狼》)
3、用作动词:可译为“去、往、到”。
例:辍耕之垄上(《陈涉世家》)
记忆顺口溜:
之字可代人事物,定名之间可译“的”;
用作动词“去、往、到”, 用作助词可不译。
为
读作 wéi时,可作动词,意思是做。例如:可以为师矣。——《论语》人之为学。——清· 彭端淑《为学》
又意思是变成,成为。例如:何遽不为福。——《淮南子·人间训 》
又意思是是。例如:不为远者小。——《列子·汤问 两小儿辩日》治不病以为功。——《韩非子·喻老 扁鹊见蔡桓公》
又意思是以为;认为。例如:孰为汝多智乎。——《列子·汤问 两小儿辩日》
还可作介词,意思是被,引出动作行为的主动者。例如:为予群从所得。——宋· 沈括《梦溪笔谈·活板》为操所先。——《资治通鉴 赤壁之战》
还可作助词,是宾语前置的标志。例如:使弈秋诲二人弈,其一人专心致志,惟 弈秋之为听。——《孟子 学弈》
还可作语气词,用于句尾,用于句尾,表示感叹。例如:何命焉为。——《墨子·公输》
而
A.表示并列,递进或承接关系.相当于现代汉语的"并且","而且","就""然后",其中表示并列关系时,一般不必翻译.
1.舌一吐而(不必翻译)二虫尽为所吞
2.学而(然后)时习之
3.温故而(然后)知新
4.任重而(并且)道远
5.有一言而(连词)可以终身行之者乎
6.堕而(并且)折其髀
7.此不为远者小而(就)近者大乎
8.濯清涟而(并且)不妖
9.启窗而(来)观
10.中峨冠而(而且)多髯者
11.随波而(不必翻译)逝
12.溯迎而(并且)上
13.余强饮三大杯而(然后)别
14.执策而(然后)临
15.潭西南而(表递进)
16.而(而且)年又最高
17.得之心而(而且)寓只酒也
18.佳木秀而(而且)繁阴
19.泉香而(表并列)酒洌
20.人知从太守而(表承接)
21.泉而(表承接)茗者
22.罍而(表并列)歌者
B.表转折关系,相当于现代汉语的"但是""可是""却"
1.人不知而(却)不愠
2.为人谋而(却)不忠乎?
3.学而(但是,却)不思则罔
4.而(但是)日中时远
5.后狼止而(表转折)前狼至
6.予独爱莲之出淤泥而(却)不染
7.而(但是)乐亦无穷
C.表修饰关系.连接状语和谓语,表示行为的方式,手段,原因等,相当于现代汉语的"地",有时可不翻译
1.既而(可不翻译)尽奔腾五阵之势
2.杂然而(表修饰,地)前陈者
3.红装而(表修饰,不翻译)蹇者
4.佣者笑而(表修饰,着)应之曰
记忆顺口溜:
而作连词要分清,并列承接与转折;
承译“接着“转译“但”,状语后头表修饰。
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