基本的半导体器件有哪些?它们的结构、工作原理、功能特点?
推荐回答（2个）
基本的半导体器件主要有以下几种：pn结二极管，金属氧化物场效应晶体管（MOS）,双极晶体管（BJT）,结型场效应晶体管。
pn结二极管结构：其中pn结二极管由n型半导体和p型半导体接触产生。工作原理：由于二者接触后产生由n型半导体指向p型半导体的内建电场，当外加电压由n型半导体指向p型半导体时进一步增强了其内建电场，因而其电流会很小，当外加电压由p型指向n型时，内建电场降低，电流可顺利通过pn结，形成单向导电的特性。
MOS结构：主要由栅极，漏极及源极三部分构成。工作原理：通过栅极控制沟道载流子浓度实现对源极及漏极电流的控制。
BJT结构：由发射极，基极，集电极构成。基本原理：通过控制发射极与基极之间的电压以及集电极与基电极之间的电压实现电流的放大，截至等效应。
结型场效应晶体管：与MOS构成类似，不同点仅在于其栅极位于沟道的上下两侧。工作原理：上下栅极同时控制沟道的载流子浓度及沟道的宽度实现对电流的控制。
以下是一些常用的半导体器件的小清单。根据设备的物理结构，下表分为二端设备和三端设备。
两端半导体器件
二极管
肖特基二极管
发光二极管 (LED)
DIAC
齐纳二极管
光电二极管（光电晶体管）
PIN Diode
激光二极管
隧道二极管
光电池
太阳能电池
耿氏二极管
冲击二极管
TVS 二极管（瞬态电压抑制二极管）
VCSEL（垂直腔面发射激光器）
三端半导体器件
双极晶体管
场效应晶体管
绝缘栅双极晶体管 (IGBT)
达林顿晶体管
可控硅整流器 (SCR)
双向可控硅
晶闸管
单结晶体管
还有一些四端半导体，如光耦合器（光电耦合器）和霍尔效应传感器。
半导体器件的应用
如前所述，半导体器件是几乎所有电子器件的基础。半导体器件的一些应用是：
晶体管是微处理器等各种集成电路中的主要元件。
事实上，它们是构建逻辑门和其他数字电路的主要部件。
晶体管也用于模拟电路，如放大器和振荡器。
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