对荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等非耕地承包的具体形式?

2025-03-25 08:33:02
推荐回答(1个)
回答(1):

对荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等非耕地资源承包的具体形式,本法明确的有招标、拍卖、公开协商等等。招标投标,是市场经济条件下促进效率、优化资源的一种交易方式,其根本原则是公开、公平、公正和诚实、信用。此种交易方式多为大宗货物的买卖、工程建设项目的发包与承包,以及服务项目的采购与提供所采用,但不局限于此,农村荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等非耕地资源的承包也可以采取招标投标的方式。在这种交易方式下,农民集体所有的“四荒”等农村土地依法属于村农民集体所有的,由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会作为招标方;已经分别属于村内两个以上农村集体经济组织的农民集体所有的,由村内各该农村集体经济组织或者村民小组作为招标方;国家所有依法由农民集体使用的,由使用该土地的农村集体经济组织、村民委员会或者村民小组作为招标方。招标方通过发布招标公告或者向有意投标承包的集体经济组织内部成员或外部农业生产者发出招标邀请等方式发出招标信息,列出欲发包的荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等土地名称、坐落、面积、质量及其承包要求、承包期限以及对承包经营者的资格要求等招标条件,表明将选择最能够满足承包要求的农业承包经营者与之签订承包合同的意向,由各有意承包的农业承包经营者作为投标方,向招标方书面提出自己响应招标要求的条件,参加投标竞争。经招标方对各投标者的条件进行审查比较后,从中择优选定中标者,并与其签订土地承包合同。采用招标投标方式进行交易活动的最显著特征,是将竞争机制引入了交易过程,具有明显的优越性,主要表现在:(1)招标方通过对各投标竞争者的条件进行综合比较,从中选择资信情况良好和经营能力强的农业经营者作为中标方,与其签订土地承包合同,这显然有利于调动农民和社会的资金和力量,将过去闲置的“四荒”资源重新优化配置,形成新的生产力;(2)招标投标活动要求依照法定程序公开进行,有利于集体经济组织成员的监督,促进农村集体经济组织基层的民主建设。

拍卖是指以公开竞价的形式,将特定物品的财产权利转让给最后应价的买卖方式。拍卖活动与招标一样,也是一种优化资源的有效手段,应当遵循公开、公平、公正和诚实信用的原则。“四荒”资源的拍卖,常同招标投标的方式结合起来,通过向社会公开招标的方式,买卖双方通过契约,明确各自的权利和义务,以达到对“四荒”地实行有偿有限期的使用。“四荒”拍卖起源于我国西部农村,迄今为止已经拍卖的“四荒”已占可拍卖的“四荒”资源的6.4%。江泽民总书记对“四荒”拍卖给予了高度评价,他说,我们卖掉的是“四荒”的使用权,得到的却是一个秀美的山川。目前“四荒”资源的流转,已开始向两个方向延伸,一是由集体的“四荒”向国有的“四荒”资源延伸,向包而不治的农户的责任山,自留山延伸;二是向耕地、山坪塔、机井等小型水利设施,人工林(即所谓拍卖青山)延伸。通过拍卖“四荒”,实现了土地资源的优化配置,农村集体经济组织也由此盘活了存量资金,回收了一笔资金,壮大了经济实力,促进了社区内农业生产的改善和农村经济的可持续发展。“四荒”资源流转的所有形式中最主要的形式是拍卖,这也是这一轮土地制度变革的主要特征。如前所述的荒地、小型水利设施、人工林等所采取的流转形式都是拍卖形式,拍卖形式之所以受到如此的重视和欢迎,除了拍卖较之其他流转形式更能明晰产权,使土地与经营者结合得更加紧密以外,最根本的原因在于,经历了20年的改革开放,社会主义市场经济体制已经在我国确立和日臻完善,市场日趋成为包括土地资源在内的一切生产要素的基础的配置者,为“四荒”的拍卖流转奠定了制度基础和社会环境。

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