推荐回答(3个)
黑木耳是一种营养丰富的食用菌,又是我国传统的保健食品和出口商品;它因生长于腐木之上,其形似人的耳朵,故名木耳。
黑木耳栽培主要有段木栽培与代料栽培等方法。
段木栽培流程是:一是选择场地。避风向阳,近有水源,便于进行人工喷水。二是预备菌种:既可购买也可自种。制菌方法有锯木屑菌种与枝条菌种,前者用锯木屑与麦麸等配制成培养基;后者用直径1cm的枝条切成1.5cm长,加入蔗糖、米糠等营养成分,装瓶后高压灭菌,接入母种,在25~28℃下培养1个月,菌丝即可长满瓶。三是准备段木:栽培场地选好后就应准备耳木,常用的耳木种类有完斗科和桦木材的树种,直径10~12cm的耳树,砍伐后截成1~1.2m长段,置于通风向阳处架晒。四是接种:用电钻以穴距7cm、垂直打深1.5cm的穴,如用锯木屑菌种则应填满穴,按紧后盖好预制的树皮盖。枝条菌种插入接种孔后用锤敲紧,使之与段木表面平贴、无孔隙。五是定植管理:首先应上堆发菌,将接菌的耳木按“井”字形或“山”字形堆垛。堆内温度以20~28℃为宜,相对湿度保持在80%左右。在南方3~4星期,北方需要4~5星期,当菌丝已伸延到木质部并产生少量耳芽时,应及时散堆排场。一般采用平铺式排场,用枕木将耳木的一端或两端架起,整齐地排列在栽培场上,经过1个月左右即可起架。搭架一般采用“人”字形方法,先埋两根有杈的木桩,地面留出70cm高,杈日上横放一根横木,耳木斜立在横木两侧。呈“人”字形,相距7cm,角度约45°为宜,起架阶段栽培场的温、湿、光、通气条件必须调节好,但管理重点是水份问题。应采用人工喷水方式,保持相对湿度在90%~95%左右。喷水时间应在早晨和傍晚进行。出耳后,若遇连续3天以上阴雨,生长出来的木耳有可能发生腐烂,应及时采摘。
段木种植,一般在春天来临时开始种植,到第二年夏季结束。
我国的东北,湖北,浙江,云南等地是木耳主产区。
木耳新鲜时软,干后成角质。富含糖类、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质和8种氨基酸,口感细嫩,风味特殊,是一种营养丰富的食用菌。
明代著名医学家李时珍在《本草纲目》中记载,木耳性甘平,主治益气不饥等,有补气益智,润肺补脑,活血止血之功效。故对于痔疮出血、痢疾以及贫血、高血压等心血管病症的食疗。
现代医学研究结果表明,还能减少血液凝块,有效预防动脉硬化作用。
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