推荐回答（2个）
方法简介 最常用的碱标准溶液是氢氧化钠,有时也用氢氧化钾或氢氧化钡,标定它们的基准物质是邻苯二甲酸氢钾KHC8H4O6或草酸H2C2O4·2H2O： OH﹣+HC8H4O6﹣→C8H4O6²﹣+H2O 如果酸、碱不太弱,就可以在水溶液中用酸、碱标准溶液滴定.离解常数[1]Ka和Kb是酸和碱的强度标志.当酸或碱的浓度为0.1Μ,而且Ka或Kb大于10-7时,就可以准确地滴定,一般可准确至0.2％（见滴定误差）.多元酸或多元碱是分步离解的,如果相邻的离解常数相差较大,即大于104,就可以进行分步滴定,这种情况下准确度不高,误差约为1％. 盐酸滴定碳酸钠分两步进行： CO3²﹣+H﹢→HCO3﹣ HCO3﹣+H﹢→CO2↑+H2O 相应的滴定曲线上有两个等当点,因此可用盐酸来测定混合物中碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的含量,先以酚酞（最好用甲酚红-百里酚蓝混合指示剂）为指示剂,用盐酸滴定碳酸钠至碳酸氢钠,再加入甲基橙指示剂,继续用盐酸滴定碳酸氢钠为二氧化碳,由前后消耗的盐酸的体积差可计算出碳酸氢钠的含量. 某些有机酸或有机碱太弱,或者它们在水中的溶解度小,因而无法确定终点时,可选择有机溶剂为介质,情况就大为改善.这就是在非水介质中进行的酸碱滴定（见非水滴定）. 有的非酸或非碱物质经过适当处理可以转化为酸或碱.然后也可以用酸碱滴定法测定之.例如,测定有机物的含氨量时,先用浓硫酸处理有机物,生成NH嬃,再加浓碱并蒸出NH3,经吸收后就可以用酸碱滴定法测定,这就是克氏定氮法.又如测定海水或废水中总盐量时,将含硝酸钾、氯化钠的水流经阳离子交换柱后变成硝酸和盐酸,就可以用标准碱溶液滴定. [编辑本段]酸碱滴定法的基本原理 1．强酸强碱的滴定 强酸和强碱相互滴定的滴定反应为： 以NaOH液（0.1000mol/L）滴定20.00ml HCl液（0.1000mol/L）为例,滴定曲线如下图： 滴定开始前 pH=1.00 滴入NaO液19.98ml时 pH=4.30 化学计量点时 pH=7.00 滴入NaOH液20.02ml时 pH=9.70 从滴定曲线可以看出： （1）根据滴定突跃选择指示剂.滴定曲线显示,滴定突跃（在计量点附近突变的pH值范围）范围很大,为4.30～9.70,凡是变色范围全部或部分落在滴定突跃范围内的指示剂都可以用来指示终点,所以酸性指示剂（甲基橙、甲基红）和碱性指示剂（酚酞）都可以用来指示强碱滴定强酸的滴定终点. （2）选择滴定液的浓度.浓度大,突跃范围宽,指示剂选择范围广；但是,浓度太大,称样量也要加大,所以一般使用0.1mol/L浓度的滴度液. 2．强碱滴定弱酸 滴定反应为： 以NaOH液（0.1000moL/L滴定20.00ml醋酸（HAc,0.1000mol/L）为例,滴定曲线如下图： 滴定开始前 pH=2.88 滴入NaOH 液19.98ml时 pH=7.75 化学计量点时 pH=8.73 滴入NaOH液20.02ml时 pH=9.70 从滴定曲线可以看出： （1）只能选择碱性指示剂（酚酞或百里酚酞等）,不能选用酸性范围内变色的指示剂（如甲基橙、甲基红等）.因为突跃范围较小,pH值在7.75～9.70之间；计量点在碱性区. （2）弱酸被准确滴定的判决是C?Ka＞10-8.因为Ka愈大,突跃范围愈大.而Ka＜10-8时,已没有明显突跃,无法用指示剂来确定终点；另外,酸的浓度愈大,突跃范围也愈大. 3．强酸滴定弱碱 滴定反应为： 以HCl液（0.1000mol/L）滴定20.00mlNH3?H2O液（0.1000mol/L）为例,滴定曲线如下图： 滴定开始前 pH=11.12 滴入HCl 液19.98ml时 pH=6.24 化学计量点时 pH=5.27 滴入HCl液20.02ml时 pH=4.30 从滴定曲线可以看出： 1）只能选择酸性指示剂（甲基橙或溴甲酚绿）,不能选用碱性范围内变色的指示剂（酚酞）. （2）弱碱被准确滴定的判决是C?Kb＞10-8.
看到有个称量法的，但不是很明确，公式都没看到，谁有发到我邮箱xzp0433@126.com，在这留言，悬赏送上。
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