山地红壤的红壤特征

2025-03-15 16:48:04
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一般红壤中四配位和六配位的金属化合物很多,其中包括铁化合物及铝化合物。红壤铁化合物常包括褐铁矿与赤铁矿等,红壤含赤铁矿特别多。当雨水淋洗时,许多化合物都被洗去,然而氧化铁(铝)最不易溶解(溶解度十的负三十次方),反而会在结晶生成过程中一层层包覆于粘粒外,并形成一个个的粒团,之后亦不易因雨水冲刷而破坏,因此红壤在雨水的淋洗下反而发育构造良好。红壤是我国中亚热带湿润地区分布的地带性红壤,属中度脱硅富铝化的铁铝土。红壤通常具深厚红色土层,网纹层发育明显,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,酸性,盐基饱和度低。红壤土类划分5个亚类,本区分布有3个亚类。红壤亚类具土类典型特征,分布面积最大;黄红壤亚类为向黄壤过渡类型,在本区均分布于山地垂直带,下接红壤亚类,上接黄壤土类;红壤性土亚类是剖面发育较差的红壤类型,主要分布于红壤侵蚀强烈的丘陵山区,江西兴国一带和福建东南部有较多分布。
1.红壤典型土体构型为:Ah-Bs-Csq型(q次生硅积聚层)或Ah-Bs-Bsv-Csv。
2.红壤有机质通常在20gkg-1以下,腐殖质H/F为0.3~0.4,胡敏酸分子结构简单,分散性强,不易絮凝,故红壤结构水稳性差,因富含铁铝氢氧化物胶体,临时性微团聚体较好。
3.红壤富铝化作用显著,风化程度深,质地较粘重,尤其在第四纪红色粘土上发育的红壤,粘粒可达40%以上。
4.红壤呈酸性一强酸性反应,表土与心土PH5.0~5.5,底土PH4.0;红壤交换性铝可达2~6cmol(+)kg-1,约占潜性酸的80%~95%以上;盐基饱和度在40%左右。
5.粘粒SiO2/AI2O3为2.0~2.4,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,一般可占粘粒总量的80%~85%,赤铁矿5%~10%,少见三水铝石;阳离子交换量不高(15~25cmol(+)kg-1),与氢氧化铁结合的SO42-或PO43-可达100~150cmol(+)kg-1,表现对磷的固定较强。

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