推荐回答(1个)
“士为知己者死,女为悦己者容”是大家都非常熟悉的一句话,此言大意就是说:男人会为了解和欣赏自己的人牺牲;女人会为喜欢自己或自己喜欢的人精心打扮。不过大多数人可能不会想到,这一千古绝唱竟然出自两千多年前的一位刺客身上,他的名字叫豫让。
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豫让生活在距今大约2500年前的晋国。当时晋国由六大家族掌控着军政大事,他们是:范氏、中行氏、智氏、韩氏、赵氏、魏氏,合称“晋国六卿”。豫让最初就是范氏的家臣。
豫让有雄心,有抱负,一心想要用平生所学为主公效力,可范氏并不看重豫让的能力,虽然豫让在其麾下待了许多年,但却一直无缘进入范氏的核心团队。豫让认为自己继续待在范家也没什么意思了,于是便改投与范氏有姻亲关系的中行氏。
原本豫让以为改换门庭也许会有新机遇,可是在中行氏阵营中,他却感到更加艰难。除了不受主公中行寅重用外,中行氏其他家臣也嫉妒豫让的才能,纷纷将他排挤出圈子。无奈之下,豫让只好再次另觅新主,跳槽到了智氏家族门下。
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在智氏家族的最初一段时间里,豫让也和过去一样默默无闻,他原本以为此生就要这样虚度光阴直至终老了。然而就在豫让近乎绝望之时,命运却给他打开了一扇窗。智氏家族第三位正卿智伯掌权后,非常看重豫让的才能,他安排豫让作为自己的心腹家臣和重要幕僚,每当遇到犹豫不决的难题时,必要先找豫让商量。豫让终于感觉自己英雄有了用武之地。
当时智氏家族大权独揽,其他几个卿大夫家族都不敢与智氏对抗。智伯也因此志得意满,天天盘算着如何吞并掉其他几大家族的势力。
按理说豫让在强势这方的阵营中,前途应该一片光明。然而天有不测风云,智伯在率军讨伐赵氏家族的战争中,突然遭到韩、赵、魏三家联手突袭。结果智氏军队由胜转败,在一夜间就被彻底击溃,智伯本人也乱军中被斩杀,智氏家族就此灭亡。事后,极度痛恨智伯的赵氏首领赵襄子还将其头颅做成饮酒器具。
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智氏家族灭亡后,家臣、门客全都作鸟兽散了。可是豫让在逃入深山后,却并不打算就此隐居避世,他时刻感怀智伯当年的知遇之恩,同时也懊悔自己没能及时提出有效建议阻止这场灾难。眼下智氏家族已彻底完蛋,凭豫让一己之力根本不可能做出任何挽回,但豫让也不甘心就此浑浑噩噩地度过余生。经过一番深思熟虑,他决定刺杀将智伯头颅做成酒具的赵襄子,以此报效主公的恩情。
豫让改名换姓,并将自己伪装成是受刑的奴隶,混进赵襄子宫中修整厕所。经过数日等待,豫让终于逮到赵襄子独身进入厕所的时机。然而,赵襄子也是久经沙场的老江湖了,他看到眼前这个修整厕所的人仪表堂堂,根本不像受过重刑的奴隶,于是便召集护卫将豫让围了起来,并下令搜身。结果护卫在豫让身上搜到一把锋利的匕首。赵襄子定睛一看才发现,原来眼前这人就是豫让。赵襄子质问豫让意欲何为,豫让毫不畏惧地回答道:“欲为智伯报仇!”护卫们纷纷拔刀打算将豫让就地正法,可没想到赵襄子却说:“此人是个义士,欲为故主报仇,杀了太可惜,还是我自己多加小心好了。”于是便放掉了豫让。
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一天,赵襄子外出。在经过桥面的时候,赵襄子的马突然受惊嘶鸣起来。赵襄子觉得事出异常,便让手下搜索附近,结果在桥下抓到了正准备行刺的豫让。短短几个月不见,豫让的模样变化却让赵襄子大吃一惊,他带着责备的口气问道:“你侍奉过范氏、中行氏,后来他们都被智伯灭了。你不为范氏、中行氏报仇,为什么我灭了智伯,你却要如此执着寻仇?”豫让回答道:“范氏、中行氏待我和其他家臣没什么区别,所以我对他们的回报也与其他家臣一样。智伯待我如同国士,所以我就要像国士那样回报他。”听完豫让的话,赵襄子非常感动,但他又担心豫让继续行刺。
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就在赵襄子犹豫不决期间,豫让再次发话说:“明主不掩人之美,忠臣有死名之义。今日行刺失败,我甘愿伏诛。但在死前有一请求,希望您能将衣裳给我。我用剑刺衣裳,就当已经行刺过了,虽死无憾。”赵襄子答应了豫让的请求。豫让拔剑对着赵襄子的衣服三跃斩击,然后说道:“士为知己者死,女为悦己者容,现在我可以报答智伯的知遇之恩了!”话音刚落,他就伏剑自杀了。
世人都喜欢以成败论英雄,然而豫让作为一名失败的刺客,却用自己的义举名垂青史,被后人誉为国士,更是留下了“士为知己者死,女为悦己者容”这句千古绝唱。
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